Brushless multiphase self-commutation controller

ABSTRACT

The Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controller or BMSCC is an adjustable speed drive for reliable, contact-less and stable self-commutation control of electric apparatus, including electric motors and generators. BMSCC transforms multiphase electrical excitation from one frequency to variable frequency that is automatically synchronized to the movement of the electric apparatus without traditional estimation methods of commutation and frequency synthesis using derivatives of electronic, electro-mechanical, and field-oriented-control. Instead, BMSCC comprises an analog electromagnetic computer with synchronous modulation techniques to first establish magnetic energy and then dynamically share packets of magnetic energy between phase windings of a multiphase, position dependent flux, high frequency transformer by direct AC-to-AC conversion without an intermediate DC conversion stage.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Electric Motors and Generators, commonly referred to as electricmachines, are familiar members of electric apparatus that must beelectrically excited with frequency synchronized to movement for usefuloperation. For practical synchronization of frequency with speed, calledcommutation, electric motors and generators are routinely complementedwith electronic control. To distinguish the Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Controller from today's state-of-the-art electroniccontrollers of electric apparatus, called adjustable speed drives, andto avoid confusion with industry's frivolous use of terminology orpractice, a quick study will establish common guidelines for theoperation and control of the electric machine, which is a subset ofelectric apparatus.

Electric machines are electromechanical converters that convert electricpower to mechanical power or vice-versa. All electric machines have onemutually independent port for “mechanical” power, which experiencesrotation or linear movement at a given speed and torque (or force), andat least one port for “electrical” power (i.e., Singly-Fed) or at mosttwo mutually independent ports (i.e., Doubly-Fed) for “electrical”power. More than three mutually independent power ports is a duplicationof the Singly-Fed or Doubly-Fed categories of electric machines. Bypumping an average mechanical power into the mechanical port, theelectrical port(s) will output an average electrical power (orgenerate). By pumping an average electrical power into the electricalport(s), the mechanical port will output an average mechanical power (ormotor).

The basic electromagnetic core structure of any electric machineconsists of the rotor (or moving) assembly and the stator (orstationary) assembly that are separated by a single air gap to allowrelative movement. Electric machine operation requires two synchronizedrotating (or moving) magnetic fields that are on the rotor (or movingbody) assembly and the stator (or stationary body) assembly,respectively. Essentially one moving magnetic field drags the othermagnetic field (and its associated carrier body) along by magneticattraction (or repulsion) to create work. Without synchronizationbetween the rotating (or moving) magnetic fields on each side of the airgap, torque (or force) pulsation would result and no useful averagepower could be produced. Since Ampere's Circular Law implies MagneticFlux and current are interchangeable terms, rotating (or moving) currentsheets show the same analogy as rotating (or moving) magnetic fields.Ampere's Circular Law simply states the Magnetic Flux Intensity along acircular path at a given radius from a current carrying conductor isequal to the Magneto-Motive-Force on the conductor divided by thecircumference of the circular path. Magneto-Motive-Force (or MMF) is theproduct of the number of wraps of current carrying conductors (i.e.,winding-turns) and the current in the conductors. Flux Density is theproduct of the magnetic permeability and the Flux Intensity.

Linear (or moving) and rotating electric machines follow the sameelectromagnetic principles of operation. As used herein, “torque” willbe used interchangeably with “force” and “rotating” will be usedinterchangeably with “moving”, where “torque and rotating” are termsapplied to rotating electric machines and “force and moving” are termsapplied to linear electric machines.

There are two basic relations that simultaneously govern all electricmachine design and operation, Faraday's Law and Lorentz Relation.Faraday's Law simply states that the port voltage of any electricmachine is equal to the change in flux, ψ, over time that cuts through agiven number of winding-turns, N. Lorentz Relation simply states thatthe force on a current carrying conductor with a given length is thecross-product between the total current in the conductors and theMagnetic Flux Density, β, which is a direct derivative of Magnetic FluxIntensity, H, and the MMF on the conductor. Lorentz Relation stipulatesthe direction of force follows the Right-Hand-Rule convention, whichshows the force to be perpendicular to the plane of the current and fluxaxis, and the phase angle between the two synchronized rotating (andmoving) magnetic fields (or current) must be greater than zero degreesfor force to occur with the greatest force occurring at any odd multipleof 90 degrees or π/2 radians. Since current and flux are interchangeableterms, the terms of Lorentz Relation can be purely magnetic or purelycurrent.

Any deviation from the basic electromagnetic core structure or theprinciple of operation as just described, which is synchronized rotatingmagnetic fields (or current sheets) on each side of an air gap, issimply a duplication of the basic core structure of the electric machineas describe. For instance, the so-called Dual Mechanical Port ElectricMachine (DMP) has two air gaps within the same body and accordingly, itis two basic electric machines in the same body.

A rotating (or moving) magnetic field can be realized by a rotating (ormoving) Permanent Magnet Assembly, by a rotating (or moving) “Passive”Winding Set Assembly, or by a stationary or rotating (or moving)“Active” Winding Set Assembly. The “Passive” Winding Set and thePermanent Magnet Assembly have no electrical or mechanical gateway for“real” power production or consumption other than dissipative power orelectrical loss while producing the magnetic field. Consequently, thePermanent Magnet Assembly and the Passive Winding Set Assembly passivelyparticipate in the energy conversion process for the sole purpose ofsatisfying the magnetic field condition of Lorentz Relation and as aresult, assemblies of Permanent Magnets and Passive Winding Sets arecommonly interchangeable. Examples of Passive Winding Sets are the AC(i.e., Alternating Current) Squirrel Cage Winding Assembly found inAsynchronous (i.e., Induction) Electric Machines and either theconventional or Superconductor DC (i.e., Direct Current) WindingAssembly (or Electromagnet) found in Synchronous Electric Machines. Incontrast, “Active” Winding Sets experience real (or active) power otherthan dissipative power or electrical loss and as a result, activelyparticipates in the energy conversion process. An Active Winding Set hasto be a multiphase AC winding arrangement that is independently excitedwith a multiphase AC electrical source (i.e., 3-Phase AC, 6-Phase AC,etc.) through its own electrical terminals. Since only a multiphase (AC)winding set with an independent means of excitation (i.e., activewinding set) functions as an electrical power gateway and only amultiphase AC winding set produces its own rotating (or moving) magneticfield while generally situated on a stationary body, all electricmachines must incorporate at least one multiphase AC winding set orActive Winding Set, the sum of which determines the power capacity ofthe electric machine. The frequency of electrical excitation of theActive Winding Set must be synchronized to the mechanical speed of theelectric machine by the following Synchronous Speed Relation:

${{fm} = \frac{{\pm {fs}} \pm {fr}}{P}}\;$Where:

-   -   fs Electrical frequency of the AC excitation on the stator (or        primary) winding set (e.g., 60 Hz), which is related to the        speed of the magnetic field in the air-gap;    -   fr Electrical frequency of the AC excitation on the rotor (or        moving body) (or secondary) winding set, which is virtually zero        for Singly-Fed or Permanent Magnet Electric Machines;    -   fm Mechanical speed (revolutions per second) of the rotor;    -   P Number of magnetic “pole-pairs”;

If an electric machine incorporates a winding on each side of the airgap without any permanent magnets, it is fully electromagnetic and showstwo components of similar MMF to satisfy the magnetic coupling (i.e.,induction) or transformer action between the winding sets; otherwiseFaraday's Law would be violated. One component of MMF, which thisdisclosure calls Magnetizing MMF, produces the air gap flux densityaccording to Ampere's Circular Law. Magnetizing MMF produces reactive(or imaginary) power and does not contribute to mechanical power. Theother component of MMF, which this disclosure calls Torque MMF, producesforce, produces active (or real) power, and does not contributes to airgap flux density. To satisfy the laws of electric machines, theMagnetizing MMF and the Torque MMF must be ninety degrees out of phase.

The Winding Set (or the Permanent Magnet assembly) on each side of theair gap of an electric machine must have similar magnetizingMagneto-Motive-Force (or Permanent Magnet Coercivity) to satisfy theinduction principles of a transformer or to avoid permanent magnetdemagnetization, which is exasperated by temperature. Magnetizing MMFproduces core Flux Intensity (and core Flux Density) depending on thepermeability (or magnetic resistance) of the magnetic path. Coercivityhas a similar relationship with Permanent Magnets as MMF does withelectromagnets. Electromagnets are also referred to as a field-windingor a wound-field set but never an active winding set.

With today's energy consciousness, it is becoming customary tocomplement any electric machine with electronic excitation control foroptimum performance. There are only two basic categories of electroniccontrol, Self-Commutation and derivatives of Field Oriented Control (orFOC). Further, today's most efficient electric machines requireelectronic excitation control for functional operation. Some electricmachine systems, such as superconductor electric machine systems,require additional support equipment beyond electronic excitationcontrol for functional operation, such as cryogenic refrigeration, etc.Although rarely the case, the contributing effects associated with thecost, efficiency, reliability, and power density of the electronicexcitation controller or ancillary equipment for functional operation ofthe system should always be included when evaluating the overallperformance of the electric machine “system”.

All electric machines or electric machine systems can be categorized aseither Doubly-Fed or Singly-Fed Electric Machine Systems, which indicatethe number of “active winding sets” contained within the basicelectromagnetic core structure. Whether Doubly-fed or Singly-fed, allelectric machines can be further categorized as Asynchronous orSynchronous electric machines, which indicate how the synchronizedrotating magnetic fields (or current sheets) on each side of the air gapare maintained. Asynchronous Electric Machines “dependently” maintainthe two rotating magnetic fields by speed based induction, which is themutual induction of current (i.e., the rotating transformer principles)do to a difference in rotational (or moving) speed (i.e., slip) betweenthe Passive AC Winding Set and the rotating field in the air gap. Speedbased induction is low frequency induction close to the excitationfrequency. The slip should be kept small for best performance. Incontrast, Synchronous Electric Machines “independently” maintain each ofthe two rotating magnetic fields with the rotor maintaining a rotatingfield by mechanical rotation of the constant magnetic field of apermanent magnet assembly or a field winding assembly. AsynchronousElectric Machines are inherently stable, exhibit startup torque, and canoperate standalone on multiphase AC power because the mutually inclusivemaintenance of the two rotating magnetic fields by speed based inductionor slip holds synchronism between the two moving magnetic fieldsregardless of speed. Note: this is not self-commutation because the slipmust be continuously maintained by some commutation control means forcontinuous acceleration without regard to speed. Synchronous electricmachines are inherently unstable, do not exhibit startup torque, andcannot operate standalone, because the mutually exclusive maintenance ofthe two rotating magnetic fields is prone to loss of synchronism withpotentially devastating results.

Any electric machine that independently maintains the synchronizedrotating magnetic fields on each side of the air gap without the need tomaintain slip for speed based induction even while potentiallyexperiencing slip is considered a Synchronous Electric Machine. Commonexamples of synchronous electric machines are the so-called brushless DCElectric Machines (i.e., permanent magnet), Field Excited SynchronousElectric Machines (i.e., electromagnet), Synchronous Reluctance ElectricMachines, and Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machines.Examples of Asynchronous Electric Machines are the Singly-fed InductionElectric Machines (i.e., squirrel cage rotor, wound-rotor, andslip-energy recovery) and the Doubly-Fed Induction Electric Machines (orso-called Brushless Doubly-Fed Electric Machines) with the two activewinding sets having unlike pole-pairs and as a result, always rely onrotational speed based (i.e., slip) induction for excitation.

True Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Electric Machines have two independentlyexcited active winding sets for the independent production of the twosynchronized rotating (or moving) magnetic fields without speed basedinduction and are therefore synchronous electric machines. At least oneactive winding set must be excited with bi-directional electrical power.As the only electric machine with an “active” winding set situated onthe rotor, the rotor core assembly of the Wound-Rotor Doubly-FedElectric Machine becomes an “active” participant in the energyconversion process and adds real power to the system. In all otherelectric machines, the real estate of the rotor core assembly (or insome cases the stator core assembly) is considered underutilized becausethe rotor is only a passive participant in the energy conversion processand does not add real power to the system. With this consideration, theWound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machine has the most idealelectromagnetic core structure of any electric machine with a given airgap flux density. However, the traditional Wound-Rotor Doubly-FedElectric Machine incorporates sliding contacts (i.e., multiphase slipring assembly) for an independent electrical connection to the rotatingactive winding set and is acutely unstable because torque is an unstablefunction of rotor position and at synchronous speed where inductionceases to exist, the frequency and voltage of the rotor excitation isdifficult to measure or synthesize by any derivative of FOC electroniccontrol. Together, the multiphase slip ring assembly and the instabilityimpose a formidable “Achilles' heel” for the Wound-Rotor Doubly-FedElectric Machine, which has kept this electric machine in virtualoblivion except as the classic study of electric machines.

Two facts are indisputable among electric machine experts with ampleevidence emerging from technical periodicals and research projects, theWound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machine shows twice theconstant torque speed range for a given frequency and voltage ofoperation (7200 rpm @ 60 Hz, 1 pole-pair) and its electronic excitationcontroller conditions only the power of the rotor active winding set,which is a fraction (half or less) of the total power of the electricmachine. While disregarding its Achilles' heel, in theory these factsgive the Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machinesignificant attributes compared to all other electric machines withsimilar air gap flux densities and power rating. Since the two activewinding sets conveniently occupy the same physical volume by utilizingthe otherwise passive rotor space, the Wound-Rotor [Synchronous]Doubly-Fed Electric Machine shows twice the power density as singly-fedelectric machines, assuming all active winding sets have similarratings. Since the total current is shared between the two activewinding sets, the Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machineshows the same electrical loss (i.e., I²R loss) as the most efficientelectric machine available, which is the singly-fed synchronous electricmachine with a lossless permanent magnet assembly (i.e., brushless DCelectric machine), assuming the permanent magnet assembly can producethe same Flux Density as the active winding sets. Likewise, theWound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machine shows nearly halfthe electrical loss as a similarly rated asynchronous (i.e., induction)electric machine, which must include the additional electrical loss ofthe “passive” winding set on the rotating body. After legitimatelyincluding the significant cost, efficiency, and power density advantagesof its electronic controller and disregarding its Achilles' heel,nothing approaches the Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-fed ElectricMachine system (including today's superconductor electric machines), ifcost, efficiency, and power density were the principal considerations.

The Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-fed Electric Machine, which byextraordinary brushless control means is a doubly-fed synchronouselectric machine with two “active” winding sets situated on the statorand rotor, respectively, should never be confused with the “Wound Field”electric machine or the “Wound Rotor” induction electric machine, whichby design incorporates only one active winding set but are commonlyreferred to as doubly-fed. The Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-fedElectric Machine and the Wound-Rotor Induction Electric Machine arerespective examples of synchronous doubly-fed and asynchronoussingly-fed electric machines.

Chief reason for using permanent magnets in electric machines is toreplace brushes or slip rings with purely electronic commutationcontrol, since the moving permanent magnets do not require electricalpower. Another reason for using permanent magnets is for improvingefficiency, since permanent magnets do not participate in the energyconversion process and do not require or dissipate electrical power.Since permanent magnets do occupy core real estate but passivelyparticipate in the energy conversion process, the core real estate ofthe permanent synchronous electric machine is not optimally utilized asis the core real estate of only the Wound-Rotor Synchronous Doubly-FedElectric Machine.

Non-Permanent Magnet Electric Machines achieve higher air-gap FluxDensity and torque producing current density than a Permanent MagnetSynchronous Electric Machine, if properly designed while disregardingany electrical loss or electrical anomalies associated with achievingthe air-gap Flux Density or current density.

Electric machines incorporate a core of magnetic steel to localize theentire length of the magnetic path through the core to the air gap depthand as a result, the magnetic steel core significantly reduces the MMFrequirement of the electric machine. Lower MMF is tantamount to lowerelectrical loss and higher performance electric machines. Any FluxDensity production beyond the core saturation limit requires additionalMMF that is based on the low permeability of air, rather than the highpermeability of magnetic steel, which is hundreds of times better thanair.

The steel magnetic core has its own deficiencies, such as Eddy Currentloss and a finite Flux Density saturation limit. To reduce magneticlosses and improve flux density saturation, so-called low loss magneticsteel is traditionally used, which is always improving through constantresearch on the molecular level, such as nanotechnology and amorphousmetals. The core of the electric machine is powdered metal or assembledin layers of magnetic steel (i.e., ribbon, laminations, etc.) toincrease the resistance to eddy currents.

Electric machines are further categorized by the direction of the fluxthrough the air-gap. If the flux travels parallel to the shaft, theelectric machine is referred to as an axial flux electric machine andhas a pancake or hockey puck form-factor. If the flux travelsperpendicular to the shaft, the electric machine is referred to as aradial flux electric machine and has a classical cylinder in cylinderform-factor. Sort of a misnomer, a Transverse Flux and Longitudinal Fluxelectric machine indicates the direction of “current” (not the flux) inrelation to movement. The current flow in the longitudinal flux electricmachine (the classic electric machine) is perpendicular to the magneticfield while the current flow in the transverse flux electric machines isin the same direction of movement. In Transverse flux electric machinesthe current term in Lorentz relation for force production, which allelectric machines must satisfy, is focused by the core into anadditional Flux Density term (i.e., current and flux intensity areinterchangeable terms).

The efficiency principle behind Synchronous Singly-fed Electric Machineswith a Superconductor Field-Winding is the result of achieving ultrahigh air-gap Flux Density, which reduces the number of winding-turns andassociated electrical loss of the “conventional” active winding set, andis not the result of the low electrical loss associated with thesuperconductor electromagnet as sometimes assumed; otherwise, PermanentMagnets, which have no electrical loss, could easily replace theSuperconductor Field-Winding (i.e., electromagnet) with the same result,as is commonly done for conventional passive winding sets (i.e.,Field-Windings, electromagnets, etc.).

For a given voltage and frequency of excitation, the power rating of anyelectric machine is the sum of the power rating of its “active” windingset(s). Likewise, the electrical loss of any electric machine is the sumof the electrical loss of all winding sets associated with the electricmachine, including any “passive” winding sets. Electrical Loss has nocomparable meaning unless proportionally associated with the powerrating of the electric machine. Electrical loss is based on the productof the current squared and the resistance in the winding set (i.e., I²R)with resistance proportional to number of winding-turns or MMF. Thesynchronous singly-fed electric machine with a single winding set (i.e.,the active winding set) shows nearly half the electrical loss as asimilarly rated asynchronous singly-fed electric machine, which mustinclude the additional electrical loss associated with the extra“passive” winding set (i.e., the squirrel cage winding) with a similarMMF as the “active” winding set to satisfy the transformer principles ofinduction. If all active winding sets in any comparison have similarratings, a wound-rotor [synchronous] doubly-fed electric machine withtwo active winding sets (and no passive winding set) would show twicethe power output and twice the electrical loss as a synchronoussingly-fed electric machine with only one winding set and a givenair-gap flux density, frequency, voltage of operation, which istantamount to the same electrical loss factor as the synchronoussingly-fed electric machine and half the electrical loss factor as theasynchronous (i.e., induction) singly-fed electric machine. Furthermore,the sum of Torque and Magnetizing MMF, which are orthogonal vectors, isnot cumulative and has less impact on overall electrical loss orefficiency.

Since all singly-fed electric machines must incorporate one activewinding set with similar physical defining constraints, such as slots,pole-pairs, etc., which determines the power capacity and physical sizeof the electric machine, all singly-fed electric machines areapproximately the same physical size for a given voltage, current andmagnetic flux of operation. Form factor, construction techniques, etc.,which can improve power density, should not be used entirely as a powerdensity metric because virtually all of these techniques can be migratedequally to any electric machine type.

Electric machine experts agree, “wound field”, “field wound” or “fieldwinding” are qualifying terms that refer to a specific type of electricmachine winding (i.e., a DC electromagnet) that does not activelyparticipate in the energy conversion process but sets up a constantmagnetic field in the air gap, which appears rotating (moving) only bythe physical action of rotation or movement. Otherwise, there would beno qualifying reason for using the terms “wound field”, “field wound” or“field winding” to distinguish these windings types from the otherwinding type that all electric machines must incorporate at least one,which is the multiphase AC winding set or “active” winding set.

Higher speed electric machines always show higher power density.However, high speed machines require high excitation frequency, whichleads to high core loss and higher material cost to mitigate the highercore loss. Consequently, all manufacturers of high speed electricmachines have incorporated low loss materials in their machine design,such as thinner laminations, amorphous magnetic metals, etc., as fast asthey become feasibly available. With a given frequency of excitation,the wound-rotor doubly-fed shows twice the constant torque speed range(i.e., 7200 rpm with 2 poles and 60 Hz excitation) as singly-fedelectric machines (i.e., 3200 rpm with 2 poles and 60 Hz excitation) andas a result, the wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine has a higherpower density core than a singly-fed electric machine.

Electronic controllers or electronic drives of electric machinessynthesize the frequency and amplitude of the excitation waveforms withhigh frequency common mode modulations, such as Pulse Width Modulationor Space Vector Modulation. Common mode modulation requires impedancefor filtering and signal replication. As a result, high frequencymodulation exposes the windings and power source of the electric machineto high frequency harmonics, which are detrimental to bearing andwinding insulation life. High frequency harmonics also cause high coreand electrical loss.

For practical electric machine control and operation, an electric drive,adjustable speed drive, or electronic controller must synchronize thefrequency of electric machine excitation to the speed of the machine,which is referred to as speed-synchronized excitation. There are twobasic methods for synchronizing the frequency of excitation to speed orspeed-synchronized excitation for variable speed control of electricmachines, which are Self-Commutation and derivatives of Flux OrientedControl (or FOC), such as Flux Vector Control (or FVC). As it namesimplies, Self-Commutation is an inherent means of instantaneously andautomatically commutating the frequency of the electrical excitationsignals of the windings to the speed of the shaft movement forcontinuous functional operation and acceleration of the electric machinewithout the unnatural process intervention by an electronic computer. Asa result, Self-Commutation is considered an “emulation” means ofelectric machine speed-synchronization.

Self-Commutation has three traits that distinguish itself from the otherspeed-synchronizing means for electrically exciting electric machines,such as derivatives of Field Oriented Control (FOC). Trait 1,Self-Commutation will naturally accelerate the electric machine to itsmechanical limits “without” the need for continuous intervention by anartificial means of speed detection and feedback control, such as anelectronic processor means. Trait 2, Self-Commutation can directlyoperate on any frequency of Alternating Current (AC), including DirectCurrent (DC), because the speed-synchronized frequency of excitation isautomatically produced (i.e., self-commutation). Trait 3, as its nameimplies Self-Commutation produces speed-synchronized electricalexcitation signals naturally and without electronic synthesis.

The other means of speed-synchronizing the electrical excitation ofelectric machines is any derivative of FOC, which is Commutation but notSelf-Commutation. Invented in the early 1970's, FOC could only becomewhat is considered today's most state-of-art electronic excitationcontrol because enormous advances in electronic processing performanceand density to satisfied the formidable processing complexity of FOC insome situations. FOC always has four “basic” steps in its controlprocess. Step one, the time and speed “variant” system parameters of theelectro-mechanical converter (i.e., the torque producing electricmachine) are measured. Step two, the multiphase time and speed “variant”system parameters, as referenced to the low frequency magnetic energy ofthe actual torque producing electric machine, are transformed into a twoco-ordinate time and speed “invariant” counterpart by estimationalgorithms running on powerful electronic computers. The two “speedinvariant” co-ordinates are respectively referred to as the “d”co-ordinate, which is the flux component, and the “q” co-ordinate, whichis the torque component. Step three, the d and q co-ordinate values arere-calculated again by electronic computers to achieve the desiredresponse, such as torque. Step four, the electronic computers use therecalculated d and q co-ordinates to “synthesize” the phase andfrequency of the variable, speed-synchronized excitation waveform by anelectronic switching inverter under Pulse Width Modulation or SpaceVector Modulation. The four basic steps must be “continuously” performed(or re-iterated) for shaft acceleration and stable electric machineoperation. As a result, FOC is considered a “simulation” or “artificial”means of control, because the computations are not instantaneous and theestimation algorithm always deviates from the actual electromagneticprocess of the electric machine being controlled.

FOC has three distinguishing traits. Trait 1, the resolution of controlis asymptotically limited, is closely determined by the power and speedof the electronic computers, and is inherently unstable; particularly,at low excitation frequencies, where measurement and estimation becomeelusive. Trait 2, without constant reiterative intervention of theprocess to recalculate the “speed variant” to “speed invariant”transformation and to re-synthesize the excitation waveform by powerfulelectronic computers, FOC cannot continuously accelerate (or evenmaintain) the speed of the shaft. Trait 3, FOC must convert inputelectrical power to an intermediate frequency, such as DC, to supportvariable frequency synthesis. Further, the high frequency synthesizedexcitation waveform is directly applied to the low frequency designedactive winding set or the multiphase AC power source with detrimentalconsequences, if not properly compensated for.

Because of the enhanced performance associated with trueSelf-Commutation, electric machines controlled by any derivative ofField Oriented Control (FOC) are often (and incorrectly) advertised as“self” commutated electric machines by marketing gimmickry.

Prior to the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,459,540; 4,634,950; 5,237,255 and5,243,268 or the “Electric Rotating Apparatus and Electric Machine”patents of Klatt, “Self-Commutation” was only available with thevenerable DC (or Universal AC) electric machines that incorporated an“electromechanical” commutator. The electromechanical commutator of theso-called DC (or Universal AC) electric machine strategically arrangeselectro-mechanical switches about the circumference of the rotor shaftthat make electrical contact with sliding brushes. As the shaft rotates,the electro-mechanical switches are sequentially activated to discretelydirect the flow of a “single phase” of current through the rotor activewinding sets in accordance with the speed and position of the rotatingshaft. Since current flow changes instantaneously and automaticallywithout electronic processing intervention, the process iselectromechanical self-commutation. The resolution of control is realestate dependent on the number of switches that can occupy the contactspace while supporting current and multiphase electromechanicalcommution is impractical.

BACKGROUND ART

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,459,540; 4,634,950; 5,237,255 and 5,243,268 ofFrederick W. Klatt disclosed the “Electric Rotating Apparatus andElectric Machine” system, which potentially realized the only embodimentof a brushless Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed or Singly-fedElectric Machine entity. The “Electric Rotating Apparatus and ElectricMachine” system is not commercially available because many years ofcontinued research, development, and prototyping solely by Klatt haveshown new inventions are crucial for practical control and reliableoperation.

Since the Klatt patents, Klatt has defined several new terms to betterdescribe the principles of operation for the Electric Rotating Apparatusand Electric Machine, such as electro-magnetic self-commutation or rotorexcitation generation. Unlike “electro-mechanical” self-commutation,“electro-magnetic” self-commutation as described in the Klatt patentsuses a separate modulator and demodulator, respectively, on each side ofa High Frequency Rotating Transformer (HFRT). The electromagneticprocess of the HFRT directs the flow of current through the winding setsof the HFRT in accordance with the position and speed of the rotatingshaft, which are available as speed-synchronized excitation for therotor active winding sets of the PGM. If practical control wasavailable, the resolution of control would be significantly better thanelectromechanical self-commutation and power is propagated withoutmechanical contact (i.e., brushless).

Although electromagnetic self-commutation in the embodiment of a forcegenerating wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine is inventive, theKlatt Patents incorporated traditional phase, amplitude, and frequencymodulation techniques, which were known at the time to be viable commonmode modulation techniques for adjustable speed drives. Also consideredwas the traditional technique of synchronous modulation followed bysynchronous demodulation, which are used in today's high frequency, fordirect AC-to-AC multiphase conversion with a single node intermediatestage. Only after years of research, Klatt learned these traditionalcommon mode and synchronous modulation techniques were not compatiblewith practical operation of the Klatt patents that incorporates anintermediate HFRT stage with multiply shared nodes. For instance, Klattdid not entirely understand the initial setup and control of themagnetizing current in the shared phases of an HFRT nor did Klattunderstand the modulation techniques for energy packet transfer betweenthe shared nodes or phases. In addition, Klatt did not understand thepeculiar environmental stress placed on the electrical and electronicequipment of the Klatt Patents because the Klatt patents disclose theonly electric machine that closely couples high frequency electrical,magnetic, and electronic components to the moving shaft of the electricmachine being controlled, which directly expose components to the harshenvironment of the electric machine installation. Consequently, theKlatt Patents did not disclose the new art of compensated modulation forsetup, control, and sharing magnetic energy with the environmentalstress requirements for the sensitive electrical and electronicequipment, which would be essential for practical control of theelectric machine found in the Klatt patents.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

After years of proprietary and solitary research, development, andprototyping by Klatt, who is the sole keeper of the knowledge base thatis not obvious to electric machine experts or engineers, and withoutsimilar art in concept, research, or development, it became evident thatthe self-commutation means of the Klatt Patents required other importantinventions for practical reality of the control of the electric machinesystem and to heighten the performance provided by the system. BrushlessMultiphase Self-Commutation Control (or BMSCC) or Real Time EmulationControl (or RTEC) are terms conceived by Klatt to conveniently describethe culmination of important inventions for practical brushless,self-commutation excitation control of electric apparatus, includingelectric machines, and to avoid confusion with the traditional means ofexcitation control, such as any derivative of Field Oriented Control(FOC).

One object of the present invention is to provide a Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Controller (BMSCC) that comprises a Position DependentFlux High Frequency Transformer (or PDF-HFT), which changes the fluxpath with relative position or movement between the primary andsecondary windings, with integral synchronous modulators-demodulators orMODEM(s) on the primary and secondary sides of the PDF-HFT, but in theembodiment of BMSCC with new synchronous modulation or gating controlmeans, referred to as compensated modulation, and other new synergisticart to condition or re-fabricate the waveforms on each side of thePDF-HFT for reliably adjusting the brushless transfer ofspeed-synchronized excitation power to any electric apparatus. Anotherobject of the present invention is to provide BMSCC embodiment with aPDF-HFT in conjunction with a Position Independent Flux High FrequencyTransformer (or PIF-HFT) that does not change the flux path withrelative position or movement between the primary and secondary windingsfor BMSCC compatibility with stationary or rotating (or moving) activewinding sets of any type of singly-fed or doubly-fed electric machine,including Reluctance electric machines, Asynchronous electric machines,and Synchronous electric machines. Together, the PDF-HFT in conjunctionwith the PIF-HFT is referred to as the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination.

A further object of the present invention is to provide MagnetizingCurrent Generator means (MCG) for first establishing an oscillatingmagnetic field (or fields) in the core of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) by gating the flow of magnetizing currentin the winding or windings of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination) at a frequency that is within the design criteria of thePDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination), which may be varied duringoperation at any time. By first establishing and then managing theoscillating magnetic fielding in the core of a PDF-HFT combination, theMCG provides the basis for the new art of compensated modulation calledcompensated gating. By synchronizing to the symmetrical bipolartransitions of the oscillating magnetic field (or fields) orderivatives, such as the oscillating magnetizing currents or voltages inthe PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination), regardless of any changeof the frequency of oscillations, compensated gating universally impliesa synchronous reference for gating the Synchronous Modems.

Still another object of the present invention is to gate (or modulate)the Synchronous Modems on the primary and secondary sides of the PDF-HFT(or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) in time offset relationship tocompensated gating called compensated time offset modulation or CTOM.The time offset relationship can be varied between any Synchronous Modemfor electronic adjustment or re-fabrication of the modulation envelop ofthe waveform for conditioning the power transfer while the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) is with or without movement.

Still another object of the present invention is to gate (or modulate)the Synchronous Modems on the primary and secondary sides of the PDF-HFT(or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) in cycle burst density relationship tocompensated gating at predefined intervals for electronic adjustment orre-fabrication of the modulation envelop of the waveform calledcompensated pulse density modulation or CTOM. The intervals (i.e.,frames) or density of the cycle burst lengths (i.e., strings) can bevaried between any Synchronous Modem for conditioning the power transferwhile the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) is with or withoutmovement.

Still another object of the present invention is to share theoscillating magnetic field energy in the core of the PDF-HFT betweenphase windings of the PDF-HFT by dynamically gating (or modulating) thesynchronous modems with any combination of time offset relationship orcycle burst density relationship for electronic adjustment orre-fabrication of the modulation envelop of the waveform or forparametric control.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a derivativeof BMSCC with the physical relationship between the primary andsecondary bodies of the PDF-HFT in a fixed state regardless of themovement of the electrical apparatus being excited while sharing theoscillating magnetic energy between phases as provided with the PDF-HFTfor traditional means of electric apparatus control.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a mechanicaladjustment means between the primary and secondary bodies of the PDF-HFTfor simultaneously enhancing the electronic adjustment andre-fabrication control means.

Still another object of the present invention is to provideenvironmental stress immunity to sensitive electrical and electroniccomponents because the BMSCC is the only electronic control means forelectric apparatus that requires placement of sensitive components nearthe movement of the moving body of the electric apparatus and into thesame hostile environment experienced by the electric machine.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide core designand material that appropriately support the peculiar high frequencymagnetic flux requirements of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination) that impacts performance.

Still another object of the present invention is to complement BMSCCwith any of the following synergistic art: resonant switching (sometimescalled soft switching) means, including means to predict the zerocrossing by extrapolating out indeterminate delays, wirelesscommunication means between moving and stator bodies, Speed-PositionResolving means inherent in the multiphase PDF-HFT winding arrangement,Capture, Control, Command, and Communication (CCCC) means, and ProcessControl Means.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a rotaryphase converter or rotary frequency converter while rotating or movingthe moving body of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination).

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a stationaryphase or frequency conversion by sharing the oscillating magnetic energybetween phase windings situated within the core of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination).

Still another object of the present invention is to provide any type ofsingly-fed or doubly-fed electric machine that incorporates BMSCC, suchas asynchronous, synchronous, and reluctance electric machines, whichincludes linear, rotating, axial flux, radial flux, transverse flux,induction, permanent magnet, and superconductor electric machines.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a doubly-fedelectric machine that incorporates BMSCC with a series windingconnection arrangement where each phase winding set of the stator of theelectric machine is connected in series with the electrical terminals ofa phase port of the BMSCC.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a doubly-fedelectric machine that incorporates BMSCC with a parallel windingconnection arrangement where each phase winding set of the stator of theelectric machine is connected in parallel with the electrical terminalsof a phase port of the BMSCC.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide any fixed orvariable speed constant frequency (VSCF) Wind Turbine (or Windmill) thatincorporates BMSCC electric machine means, which is very different fromVSCF Wind Turbines with FOC electric machine means.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide any fixed orvariable speed constant frequency (VSCF) renewable prime mover, such astidal, wave, or active solar, that incorporates BMSCC electric machinemeans.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an EnhanceTransmission Means (ETM) for connecting multiple electric machines to aprime mover, such as the propeller shaft of any Wind Turbine, that candrive one or more electric machines of any kind for converting the speedof the prime mover to a compatible speed expected of the electricmachine shaft and for distributing the power and torque strain acrossmultiple electric machines.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an ETM forWind Turbines that incorporate BMSCC electric machine means.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an ElectricVehicle (EV) power train system that incorporates BMSCC electric machinemeans for electric motoring and generating (during braking)

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a highfrequency single or multiphase AC electric power distribution means,such as for electrically powering the power train of any electricvehicle (EV) with any electric machine.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an electricvehicle (EV) power steering means by controlling (or differentiating)the torque of any two electric machines, where each electric machineindependently powers one of the two wheels that steer.

Obviously, numerous variations and modifications can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit of the present inventions. Therefore, itshould be clearly understood that the form of the present inventiondescribed above and shown in the figures of the accompanying drawings isillustrative only and is not intended to limit the scope of the presentinventions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Numerous other objects, features, and advantages of the invention shouldnow become apparent upon reading of the following detailed descriptiontaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a Rotor Excitation Generator (REG)exciting a Power Generator Motor (PGM), which is a Wound-RotorDoubly-Fed Electric Machine of the Klatt patents with subtle details ofnew art that resulted from years of research never publicly disclosed.It will be used with FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 for conceptually demonstratingthe prior art of brushless multiphase Self-Commutation.

FIG. 2 demonstrates the signal flow through the PGM entity as referencedto FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 demonstrates the signal flow through the REG entity as referencedto FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 shows a simple block diagram of the building blocks of a basicBMSCC.

FIG. 5 shows a simple block diagram of two basic BMSCC building blocksconnected to a High Frequency Power Distribution Bus. Although two basicBMSCC building blocks were shown, any number of BMSCC building blockscan be tapped into the High Frequency Power Distribution Bus anywherealong its length.

FIG. 6 shows a simple block diagram of three basic BMSCC building blocksconnected to a High Frequency Power Distribution Bus to demonstrate thatthe High Frequency Power Distribution Bus can be tapped anywhere alongits length with a third BMSCC.

FIG. 7 portrays the new power waveform conditioning (or re-fabrication)technique in accordance with the present invention, referred to asCompensated Time Offset Modulation (CTOM), which synchronously gates theSynchronous Modulators-Demodulators (or MODEM) in time offsetrelationship to the symmetrical bipolar transitions of the highfrequency waveforms that is pre-established by the Magnetizing CurrentGenerator (or MCG) called compensated gating. Controlling the power flowby CTOM is a critical ingredient for BMSCC.

FIG. 8 portrays the new power waveform conditioning (or re-fabrication)technique in accordance with the present invention, referred to asCompensated Pulse Density Modulation (CPDM), which synchronously gatesthe Synchronous Modulators-Demodulators (or MODEM) in cycle burstdensity relationship at predefined intervals of the symmetrical bipolartransitions of the high frequency waveforms that is pre-established bythe Magnetizing Current Generator (or MCG) called compensated gating.Controlling the power flow by CPDM is a critical ingredient for BMSCC.

FIG. 9 illustrates a 3-Phase example of high frequency flux or currentvector sharing between phase windings of the Position Dependent FluxHigh Frequency Transformer (PDF-HFT) on an x-y coordinate system as aresult of the new art of compensated modulation technique. Sharing thepower flow by CPDM or CTOM is a critical ingredient for BMSCC.

FIG. 10 is a perspective photographic view of either the rotating (ormoving) or stationary section of the Position Dependent Flux HighFrequency Transformer (PDF-HFT) including an assembled sectional view,which incorporates both stationary and rotating sections of the PDF-HFT,and accordingly, illustrates one embodiment of the PDF-HFT, which is anaxial flux (or pancake) design with an air gap junction fornon-obstructive movement.

FIG. 11 is a perspective photographic view of either the rotating (ormoving) or stationary section of the Position Independent Flux HighFrequency Transformer (PIF-HFT) including an assembled sectional view,which incorporates both stationary and rotating sections of the PIF-HFT,and accordingly, illustrates one embodiment of the PIF-HFT, which is anaxial flux (or pancake) design with an air gap junction fornon-obstructive movement.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the Enhanced Transmission Means(ETM), which is the Flexible Transmission System (FTS) art, forconnecting multiple electric machine systems to the prime mover, such asthe propeller shaft of a wind turbine transmission, while modifying thespeed ratio at the shaft of the electric machine systems anddistributing the power and torque between multiple electric machinesystems.

FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention of aPlanetary Transmission System (PTS) for connecting multiple BMSCCelectric machine systems to the prime mover, such as the propeller shaftof a wind turbine, while modifying the speed ratio at the shaft of theelectric machine systems and distributing the power and torque betweenmultiple electric machine systems.

FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention of theElectric Vehicle (EV) power train with all invention related components:the electric machine system means (including BMSCC means), the powerassisted steering means, and the High Frequency power distribution busmeans.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controller (BMSCC) or RealTime Emulation Controller (RTEC) is a contact-less means of reliablepropagating conditioned or re-fabricated electrical power betweenrelatively isolated moving bodies while naturally inducing any potentialmechanical speed or positional movement between the bodies as frequencyand phase components onto the original electrical waveform by means ofan Electro-magnetic Self-Commutator (i.e., electromagnetic computer orrotor excitation generator). The Brushless Multiphase Self-CommutationController (BMSCC) or RTEC is a new embodiment of a Rotor ExcitationGenerator (REG), which is a component associated with the ElectricRotating Apparatus and Electric Machine System patents of Klatt. As anelectromagnetic self-commutator, the REG operates in principle to theonly other example of true self-commutation, which is the“electro-mechanical” self-commutator of the venerable DC (or ACUniversal) electric machine (e.g., DC motor). Without speed control,Self-Commutation will naturally accelerate the rotating body of theexcited electric machine to mechanical limit or destruction. BMSCCprovides other important inventions and new art, called synergistic art,which were not known at the time of the original Klatt patents butrequired for practical reality and heightened performance of the REG forreliable control of electric apparatus. An electric apparatuscomplemented with BMSCC is an electric apparatus “system.”

BMSCC provides new synergistic art to the REG for practical control ofelectrical power flowing between the rotor and stator winding sets of aPosition Dependent Flux High Frequency Transformer (or PDF-HFT), whichis surrounded by an arrangement of integral modulator-demodulatorscombinations or MODEMs on each side of the PDF-HFT. The flow control ofelectrical power is accomplished by gating the MODEMs with newmodulation techniques that symmetrically share weighted portions of highfrequency periodic packets of magnetic energy in the core of the PDF-HFTin synchronous rhythm to the oscillating magnetic field provided by thenew art of a Magnetic Current Generator means (or MCG). As a result, thesignal waveforms seen at one port of the BMSCC are re-fabricated tosignal waveforms with additional waveform components associated with thedynamic control or with the movement of the PDF-HFT. The new synergisticart of BMSCC comprises: 1) a Position Dependent Flux High FrequencyTransformer (or PDF-HFT) with an air-gap for potential movement orwithout an air-gap surrounded by an arrangement of synchronous Modems;2) perhaps a Position Independent Flux High Frequency Transformer (orPIF-HFT) in combination with a PDF-HFT with an air-gap; 3) a MagneticCurrent Generator means or MCG, which first establishes a oscillatingmagnetic field in the PDF-HFT for providing the basis of synchronous orcompensated modulation; 4) Compensated modulations techniques, whichcomprise Compensated Time Offset Modulation (CTOM), Compensated PulseDensity Modulation (CPDM), or combination; 5) Environmental StressImmunity Means because of the unique operating environment of BMSCC; 6)High frequency magnetic performance design because of the unique highfrequency magnetic operating environment of BMSCC; 7) Sharing highfrequency magnetic energy between windings only provided by a PDF-HFTwith CTOM or CPDM; and 8) New Rotor Excitation Generator (REG) art ornew Stationary Excitation Generator (SEG) art, depending on the categoryor type of electric apparatus being excited, such as singly-fed anddoubly-fed electric machine systems. The resulting torque (or force)produced by the PDF-HFT is irrelevant to the electric apparatus systembecause torque is directly proportional to the mutual inductance of thePDF-HFT, which is inversely proportional to the high operating frequencyof the PDF-HFT.

FIG. 4 shows a simple building block diagram representation of oneconfiguration of a Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controller orBMSCC. A BMSCC always includes a PDF-HFT 6 j and similar to anytransformer, the PDF-HFT has a primary side and a secondary side ofelectrical phase winding sets. The high frequency winding sets on theprimary side of the PDF-HFT are connected to the Primary MODEM 2 j andto the Primary Magnetic Current Generator 3 j by the primary side highfrequency bi-directional electrical path 5 j, phase to phase,respectively. Similarly, the Primary Port 1 j, which may have as manyelectrical phase or primary signal terminals as the low frequency ACsupply circuit 12 j, is connected to the low frequency side of thePrimary MODEM 2 j and the Primary Magnetic Current Generator 3 j by theprimary side low frequency bi-directional electrical path 4 j, phase tophase, respectively. In an analogous fashion, the high frequency windingsets on the secondary side of the PDF-HFT are connected to the SecondaryMODEM 8 j and the Secondary Magnetic Current Generator 9 j by thesecondary side high frequency bi-directional electrical path 7 j, phaseto phase, respectively. The Secondary Port 11 j, which has as manyelectrical phase or secondary signal terminals as the electrical circuitto the electric apparatus being controlled, 13 j, is connected to thelow frequency side of the Secondary MODEM 8 j and the Secondary MagneticCurrent Generator 9 j by the secondary side low frequency bi-directionalelectrical path 10 j, phase to phase, respectively, which are similar tothe waveforms seen at the first port lj but re-fabricated or conditionedwith controllable position and speed-synchronized waveforms of anynumber of electrical phases or secondary signals as necessary to excitean electrical apparatus seen at 13 j. The new art of the Primary andSecondary Magnetic Current Generators comprise circuitry with electronicswitches (or gates) and gating control means to first establish and thenmanage the magnetizing current of the oscillating magnetic fields in thePDF-HFT, called compensated gating, for basis of the new modulation art,called compensated modulation. The new art of the Primary and SecondaryMODEMs comprise the synchronous MODEM circuits with the dynamics ofcompensated modulation to provide gating control of the MODEMs, calledcompensated gating dynamics. It should be understood and obvious toexperts that the Primary Magnetic Current Generator 3 j and PrimaryMODEM 2 j circuits and the Secondary Magnetic Current Generator 9 j andSecondary MODEM 8 j circuits comprise numerous designs, such push-pulland full bridge switching circuits, such as shown in off-the-shelf powerelectronic textbooks. Similarly, the Magnetic Current Generator andSynchronous MODEM blocks can be duplicated in parallel or integratedinto a single circuit or block with integrated gating and controlcircuits. As a simple building block representation, FIG. 4 shows nosupporting circuitry. Symmetry of BMSCC dictates the primary andsecondary sides of FIG. 4 can be interchanged without affect.

To better understand the prior art of electromagnetic self-commutation,which is only found in the Klatt patents and in BMSCC, a description ofthe patents will be presented with the new art of BMSCC subtly included.

FIG. 1 shows a simple electrical schematic representation of a parallelconnected circuit topology that is the only means available topotentially overcome the Achilles' heel of a Wound-Rotor ElectricMachine System without relying on asynchronous principles and as aresult, the potential realization of a true Brushless Wound-Rotor[Synchronous] Electric Machine System that is stable at any speed. As asimple electrical representation, the schematic makes no attempt to showthe Brushless Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Electric Machine System inphysical or working detail. The schematic, which represents athree-phase system for example, is divided into four highlightedsections that overlap quadrants at the four corners of the figure. Thevery top section is the Power Generator Motor or PGM 1 and the verybottom section is the Rotor Excitation Generator or REG 2, both of whichintersect the very left section, the Rotor Assembly 3, and the veryright section, the Stator Assembly 4. To allow relative movement betweenthe Rotor and Stator Assemblies, the Rotor Assembly 3 and StatorAssembly 4 are separated by an air-gap 17. The Power Generator Motor orPGM 1 includes the PGM stator active winding set portion 11 of theStator Assembly 4 and the PGM rotor active winding set portion 10 of theRotor Assembly 3. The PGM 1 is the actual wound-rotor doubly-fedelectromechanical converter or torque producing electric machine entityand operates at the low line frequency (e.g., 60 Hz). The very bottomquadrant labeled the Rotor Excitation Generator or REG 2 includes theREG stator winding 12 and electronic portion 9 & 6 of the StatorAssembly 4, the REG rotor winding 13 and electronic portion 8 & 7 of theRotor Assembly 3. The electronic components of the REG are the SwitchSynchronizer 7, the Rotor Synchronous Modulator/Demodulator (i.e.,MODEM) 8, the Stator Synchronous Modulator/Demodulator (i.e., MODEM) 9and the Controller Processor 6. The Rotor Synchronous MODEMs 8 containsthree switch groups, each of which grossly represents one bi-directionalswitching circuit topology per phase of the three phase circuittopology. The Stator Synchronous MODEMs 9 contains three switch groups,each of which grossly represents one bi-directional switching circuittopology per phase of the three phase circuit topology. The BrushlessWound-Rotor [Synchronous] Electric Machine System presented has twoterminals or ports for electrical phase power connections, the PGMElectrical Port 18 and the REG Electrical Port 19. Either electricalport may comprise a neutral terminal 22, single-phase terminals 20 ormultiphase terminals 21.

The REG is a unique means to propagate electrical excitation power tothe PGM rotor winding set in accordance with synchronous operation andwithout electromechanical contact of any kind (i.e., brushless).Together, the REG stator winding set 12 and rotor winding set 13 make upthe multiphase High Frequency Rotating (or Moving) Transformer (HFRT)14. The far right side section labeled the Stator Assembly 4 includesthe stator body portions of both the PGM and REG and associatedcomponents. The far left section labeled the Rotor Assembly 3 includesthe rotor body portions of both the PGM and REG, which are physicallyattached and as a result, move with the same speed and position relativeto the Stator Assembly 4. As shown in the schematic, the PGM is aDoubly-Fed Wound-Rotor Synchronous Electric Machine because it has anActive Winding Set 10 on its Rotor Assembly 3 and an Active Winding Set11 on its Stator Assembly 4. An active winding set actively participatesin the energy conversion process and could be considered an armaturewinding set. Following standard electric machine concepts, the statorwinding set of the PGM 11 could be replaced with a DC Passive WindingSet or Permanent Magnet assembly. Further, the PGM with a compatible REGcould be a linear electric machine with moving bodies rather thanrotating bodies.

FIG. 2 describes the electrical signal flow through the PGM for a singleAlternating Current (AC) Phase. The electrical signal relationships as aresult of electric machine analysis, theory, and empirical verificationwill accompany the descriptions that follow. The same analysis holds foreach of any other AC Phase signals of the multiphase AC port inaccordance with their relative phase relationship.

The electrical signal flow analysis through the PGM 1 (very top section1 of FIG. 1) can be analyzed by cross referencing the underlined letters(I & F) at 15 and 16 in FIG. 1 with the arrows labeled with the sameunderlined letters at 15 & 16, shown in FIG. 2, starting with I at 15and ending with F at 16. The stator AC phase signal I at 15, which is atfrequency W_(S), drives its respective phase winding H of the PGM StatorWinding Set 11. Although the stator side boundary 25 and rotor sideboundary 24 are separated by an air-gap 17, the Stator and Rotor windingsets on the stator side and the rotor side, respectively, are inappropriate proximity for electromagnetic coupling. The rotor windingset 10 rotates relative to the stator winding set 11 along the commonaxis 26. It follows that the PGM functions as a rotating transformer aswell as its primary function, which is an electromechanical energyconverter, because of the high air gap Flux Density and mutualinductance do to its low frequency of operation. As a result, theelectrical signal(s) I at 15 applied to the PGM stator winding set 11 atH are induced onto the PGM rotor winding set 10 at G with a change inelectrical phase angle determined by the mechanical movement of therotor winding set 10 relative to the stator winding set 11. Theelectrical frequency of the resulting signal F at 16 on the rotorwinding set 10 has a mechanical phase and speed component associatedwith it. To appropriately excite the rotor winding set 10 of the PGM bythe REG for synchronous operation, the moving body excitation signal Fat 16 developed by the RE must follow the same dynamic signal waveformrelationship as just discussed for the PGM.

For the example of FIG. 2, which is a three phase AC PGM, therelationships of three stator phase signals 28 applied to the respectivePGM terminals I at 15 for each of the PGM phase windings H at 11 are:

PHASE_A_(S) = A_(S)COS(W_(S)T);${{PHASE\_ B}_{S} = {B_{S}\;{{COS}( {{W_{S}T} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}}};$${{PHASE\_ C}_{S} = {C_{S}\;{{COS}( {{W_{S}T} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}};$where A_(S), B_(S), and C_(S) are the stator amplitudes, W_(S) is thefrequency, and T is the time. These signals are applied to theirrespective phase terminals of the PGM stator active winding set 11. Forthe case of a single phase excitation, only one of these signals isapplied. The PGM stator phase winding 11 on the stator side 25 of theair-gap 17 has a common axis 26 with the PGM rotor phase winding 10 onthe rotor side 24 of the air-gap. As the PGM rotor phase winding 10moves relative to the common axis 26, the induced PGM rotor phasesignals at G or 27 are:

${{PHASE\_ A}_{R} \propto \begin{Bmatrix}{{{A_{S}( {{\pm W_{S}} \pm W_{M}} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha} )}} +} \\{{{B_{S}( {{\pm W_{S}} \pm W_{M}} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}} +} \\{{C_{S}( {{\pm W_{S}} \pm W_{M}} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}\end{Bmatrix} \propto {( \frac{3}{2} )A_{S}{{SIN}( {{{\pm W_{R}}T} + \alpha} )}}};$${{PHASE\_ B}_{R} \propto \begin{Bmatrix}{{{A_{S}( {{\pm W_{S}} \pm W_{M}} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha - \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}} +} \\{{{B_{S}( {{\pm W_{S}} \pm W_{M}} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha} )}} +} \\{{C_{S}( {{\pm W_{S}} \pm W_{M}} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha - \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}\end{Bmatrix} \propto {( \frac{3}{2} )A_{S}{{SIN}( {{{\pm W_{R}}T} + \alpha + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}}};$and ${{PHASE\_ C}_{R} \propto \begin{Bmatrix}{{{A_{S}( {{\pm W_{S}} \pm W_{M}} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha - \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}} +} \\{{{B_{S}( {{\pm W_{S}} \pm W_{M}} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha - \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}} +} \\{{C_{S}( {{\pm W_{S}} \pm W_{M}} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha} )}}\end{Bmatrix} \propto {( \frac{3}{2} )A_{S}{{SIN}( {{{\pm W_{R}}T} + \alpha + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}};$where W_(M) and α are the relative mechanical speed and positioncomponents, respectively, between the stator side 25 and rotor side 24along the common axis 26 at an instant of time. With the expansion ofrelationships, the synchronous speed relation,

${{{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} \pm {W_{R}T}} = {{0\mspace{14mu}{or}\mspace{14mu}{fm}} = \frac{{\pm {fs}} \pm {fr}}{P}}},$must be satisfied for synchronous operation and the production of usefultorque.

FIG. 3 describes the electrical signal flow through the REG of a singleAlternating Current (AC) Phase. The electrical signal relationships as aresult of electric machine analysis, theory, and empirical verificationwill accompany the descriptions that follow. The same analysis holds foreach of any other AC Phase signals of the multiphase AC port inaccordance with their relative phase relationship.

The electrical signal flow analysis through the REG 2 (very bottomsection 2 of FIG. 1) can be analyzed by associating the underlinedletters (A & F) shown at 5 & 16 in FIG. 1 with the arrows labeled by thesame underlined letters at 5 & 16 shown in FIG. 3, starting with A at 5and ending with F at 16. Although the stator side boundary 25 and rotorside boundary 24 are separated by an air-gap 17, the Stator and Rotorwinding sets of the HFRT are in appropriate proximity forelectromagnetic coupling. Initially, the REG chops (or gates) each phaseof the multiphase AC port signal A at 5 independently by an AC choppercircuit (i.e., Synchronous MODEM) with an operating frequency (orcarrier frequency) that is at least an order magnitude higher than theAC or DC modulation envelop frequency (e.g., kHz versus tens of Hz). Thechopped signal B is an unbiased modulated signal and as a result, eachsymmetrically bipolar transition through the crossing of the zerocurrent or voltage level of the chopper (or carrier) frequency showsvirtually no DC bias (i.e., unbiased modulation). As previouslymentioned, each Synchronous MODEM on the stator (and rotor) isessentially an arrangement of bi-directional AC power switches thatsymmetrically oscillates the current flow (or power) through the HFRT bygating the circuit of electrical power switches at a rate that issynchronous to the carrier frequency of the modulation. This modulatedcarrier frequency signal B drives its respective phase winding C of theHFRT Stator Winding Set. The modulation envelope of the resultinginduced phase signal on the rotor body D & E includes a speed andposition component associated with the mechanical movement of the rotorwinding set relative to the stator winding set. This modulated carrierfrequency signal (D & E) passes through the rotor Synchronous MODEM E at8. Since the Rotor and Stator Synchronous MODEMs gate synchronously withthe carrier frequency, the signals are synchronously demodulated,resulting in only the modulation envelope F at 16 remaining. Since therotor and associated multiphase winding set of the HFRT are attached tothe rotor and associated winding set of the PGM, both move at the samespeed or position and experience the same electromagnetic and mechanicaldynamics. As a result, the demodulated envelop of the REG signals F at16 shown in FIG. 3 has the same electrical frequency and wave relationas the PGM signals F at 16 shown in FIG. 2 regardless of speed. Itfollows the REG signals F at 16 shown in FIG. 3 can be directly appliedas excitation to the respective phase winding of the PGM F at 16 shownin FIG. 1 for brushless speed-synchronized excitation. Each of the otherphases will experience the same result in accordance with itsappropriate phase shift. Still, the transfer of power must be controlledfor practical operation.

For the example of FIG. 3, which is a three phase REG, the relationshipsof three stator phase signals 28 applied to the REG terminals at A 5are:

PHASE_A_(S) = A_(S)COS(W_(S)T);${{PHASE\_ B}_{S} = {B_{S}{{COS}( {{W_{S}T} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}}};{and}$${{PHASE\_ C}_{S} = {C_{S}{{COS}( {{W_{S}T} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}};$where A_(S), B_(S), and C_(S) are the stator amplitudes, W_(S) is thefrequency, and T is the time. These signals are the same signals appliedto the stator windings of the PGM. After passing through the statorsynchronous MODEM between A and B, the signals at B become highfrequency carrier W_(C) or chopping frequency signals with themodulation envelope of the applied signals, W_(S). The signalrelationships are:

PHASE_Asc = A_(SC) × COS(W_(C)T)SIN(W_(S)T);${{PHASE\_ Bsc} = {B_{SC} \times {{COS}( {W_{C}T} )}{{SIN}( {{W_{S}T} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}}};{and}$${PHASE\_ Csc} = {C_{SC} \times {{COS}( {W_{C}T} )}{{{SIN}( {{W_{S}T} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}.}}$

The signals at C are applied to their respective phase terminals of theREG stator active winding set 12. For the case of a single phaseexcitation, only one of these signals is applied. The REG stator phasewinding 12 on the stator side 25 of the air-gap 17 has a common axis 26with the REG rotor phase winding 13 on the rotor side 24 of the air-gap.As the rotor phase winding moves relative to the common axis 26, theinduced REG rotor phase signals at D are:

${{PHASE\_ A}_{RC} \propto {( \frac{3}{2} )A_{SC}W_{C}{{COS}( {W_{C}T} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha} )}}};$${{PHASE\_ B}_{RC} \propto {( \frac{3}{2} )B_{SC}W_{C}{{COS}( {W_{C}T} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}}};{and}$${{PHASE\_ C}_{RC} \propto {( \frac{3}{2} )C_{SC}W_{C}{{COS}( {W_{C}T} )}{{SIN}( {{{{\pm W_{S}}T} \pm {W_{M}T}} + \alpha + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}};$which follow the same analysis as the PGM signals with the exception ofthe carrier frequency component, W_(C). W_(M) and α are the relativemechanical speed and position, respectively, between the stator side 25and rotor side 24 along the common axis 26. The signals E pass throughthe rotor synchronous MODEM between E and F to remove or demodulate thecarrier frequency component with the following signal results at F 16:

${{PHASE\_ A}_{R} \propto {( \frac{3}{2} )A_{SC}W_{C}{{SIN}( {{W_{R}T} + \alpha} )}}};$${{PHASE\_ B}_{R} \propto {( \frac{3}{2} )B_{SC}W_{C}{{SIN}( {{W_{R}T} + \alpha + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}}};{and}$${{PHASE\_ C}_{R} \propto {( \frac{3}{2} )C_{SC}W_{C}{{SIN}( {{W_{R}T} + \alpha + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}};$with the expansion of relationships and satisfying the synchronous speedrelation,

${fm} = \frac{{\pm {fs}} \pm {fr}}{P}$or ±W_(S)T±W_(M)T±W_(R)T=0. The relative angle α of the REG signalsincludes the relative phase angle between the PGM stator winding set andthe REG stator winding set. The REG rotor phase signals at F 16 of FIG.3 have the same frequency component as the PGM rotor phase signals at F16 of FIG. 2.

As just described with the new art of BMSCC subtly included, the REGbrings together a combination of preliminary requirements for stable andbrushless Self-Commutation control of the Wound-Rotor SynchronousDoubly-Fed Electric Machine that has continued to elude electric machineexperts as is constantly reminded by past, present, and ongoingdoubly-fed electric machine research. The preliminary requirementsare: 1) “Self-Commutation” or the inherent and instantaneous translationof multiphase AC signals with any excitation frequency to aspeed-synchronized multiphase AC signal that is without any processdisrupting steps associated with “non-Self-Commutation” or derivativesof Field Oriented Control (FOC), such as electronic coordinatetransformations; 2) the propagation of multiphase electrical poweracross the air-gap without electromechanical contact (i.e., brushless);3) the even distribution of currents and voltages over the entireexcitation waveform; 4) the natural mitigation of undesireddisturbances; 5) the isolation of high frequency signals from lowfrequency components, such as the power source or the PGM windings; and6) the inherent potential of soft switching (i.e., resonant switching)or the turn-on or turn-off of switching at zero current or voltage.

The new “Synergistic Art” provided by BMSCC makes REG control practicaland reliable. Each topic of synergistic art will be explained in detail,which are: 1) the new art Rotor Excitation Generator (or REG); 2) theStationary or Static Excitation Generator (or SEG); 3) the PositionDependent Flux High Frequency Transformer (or PDF-HFT); 4) the PositionIndependent Flux High Frequency Transformer (or PIF-HFT) and thePDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination; 5) the Magnetizing Current Generator means(or MCG); 6) the Compensated Transition Offset Modulation (or CTOM); 7)the Compensated Pulse Density Modulation (or CPDM), 8) the CTOM-CPDMcombination; 9) the high frequency magnetic energy sharing (or HFMES);10) the Environmental Stress Immunity; 11) the high frequency magneticdesign, and 13) the CTOM-CPDM Modulation Start-Up.

Before explaining each component of BMSCC synergistic art in detail, itshould be understood that electronic and electrical circuit arrangementsand configurations, electronic and electrical component arrangements andconfigurations, winding arrangements and configurations, mechanicalarrangements and configurations, manufacturing and constructiontechniques, and up-to-date or new material and science for implementingall embodiments of BMSCC (or RTEC) are numerous in nature and areextensions of this invention when incorporated.

New Synergistic Art of the Rotor Excitation Generator (or REG): The REGprovides a new embodiment of the Rotor Excitation Generator (REG) foundin the Klatt patents. Referring to FIG. 4, the REG comprises the new artof Primary MODEMs 2 j and Primary Magnetic Current Generators 3 j andSecondary MODEMs 8 j and Secondary Magnetic Current Generators 9 j oneach side of a Position Dependent Flux High Frequency Transformer(PDF-HFT) 6 j, which incorporate new modulation means call compensatedmodulation and other new synergistic art, such as environmental stressimmunity means, for practical Real Time Emulation Control (RTEC) orBrushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Control (BMSCC). Under this newembodiment, the REG may have at least one junction of movement, if anair gap junction is incorporated into the PDF-HFT between the primary orsecondary side of the PDF-HFT, for directly inducing an angular velocity(speed) and phase waveform component. Modems and Magnetizing CurrentGenerators can be placed at a practical distance from the PDF-HFTwithout changing the operating principles.

In another embodiment, an REG is not allowed to rotate or move with themovement of the electric apparatus and the PDF-HFT may be without an airgap junction. In this embodiment any additional waveform component isre-fabricated waveform components as a result of new BMSCC modulationcontrol sharing the oscillating magnetic energy between phase windingsof the PDF-HFT.

New Synergistic Art of the Stationary (Static) Excitation Generator (orSEG): The SEG provides a new second embodiment of the Rotor ExcitationGenerator (REG). Referring to FIG. 4, the Stationary (Static) ExcitationGenerator (SEG) comprises a Position Dependent Flux High FrequencyTransformer (PDF-HFT) and a Position Independent Flux High FrequencyTransformer (PIF-HFT) combination, which would replace the PDF-HFT 6 j.The number of secondary phase windings of the PDF-HFT equals the numberof secondary phase windings of the PIF-HFT. Each secondary phase windingof the PDF-HFT connects with one phase winding of the secondary windingsof the PIF-HFT perhaps on a phase-to-phase basis and the entirecombination is referred to as the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination. TheStationary (Static) Excitation Generator (SEG) further comprises the newart of MODEMs with Magnetic Current Generator means situated on theprimary side (e.g., stationary side) 2 j & 3 j and secondary side (e.g.,rotating (moving) side) 8 j & 9 j of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination andincorporates the new modulation means call compensated modulation andother synergistic art, such as environmental stress immunity means, forReal Time Emulation Control (RTEC) or Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Control (BMSCC). Under this new embodiment, the SEG mayhave at least two junctions of movement, if an air-gap junction isincorporated in both the PDF-HFT and the PIF-HFT of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination for free movement between the primary and secondary sides ofthe PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination. With two air-gaps of articulation, boththe secondary side and primary sides of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combinationcan be stationary regardless of the movement of the common moving bodiesof the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination. If the SEG is allowed to rotate (ormove) with the movement of the electric apparatus, an angular velocity(speed) and phase waveform component is inherently and instantaneouslyestablished on to the modulation envelop of the electrical phase signalsat the secondary side terminals of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination inaccordance to the relative movement or position as viewed from theprimary side terminals of the SEG including any fabricated waveformcomponent established on the primary side signals as a result of BMSCC.As an example with this embodiment, the SEG brushlessly delivers speedand phase synchronized excitation signals of any number of phasesdirectly from “Stationary-Side”, which is the primary side of thePDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, to the “Stationary-Side”, which is thesecondary side of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination. As a result, the SEGis ideally suited for exciting stationary active winding sets withexcitation waveforms that are synchronized to the speed of the SEGshaft, such as exciting the stationary active winding set of all typesof electric machines, including Permanent Magnet synchronous electricmachines, squirrel cage induction electric machines, Reluctance electricmachines, so-called Induction Doubly-Fed Electric Machines, and allother Singly-Fed electric machines. For instance, if the SEG is excitingan induction machine, the input frequency to the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFRTCombination may be the desired slip frequency by the new art of sharingand if the SEG is exciting a DC machine, the input frequency to thePDF-HFT+PIF-HFRT Combination may be DC.

It should be understood that any new embodiment or art as a result ofRTEC (or BMSCC) is adaptable to both the REG and SEG. Further, the REGand SEG can support DC electrical power sources, single phase ACelectrical power sources, or multiphase AC electrical power sources. Asused herein, REG and SEG are interchangeable terms, since thedistinguishing difference between the REG and SEG is the PIF-HFTcomponent of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, as described.

New Synergistic Art of the PDF-HFT: The Position “Dependent” Flux HighFrequency Transformer (PDF-HFT) is designed to re-distribute themagnetic flux energy between all phase windings on opposite sides (i.e.,the primary side and the secondary side) as a function of movement or bysharing magnetic energy between PDF-HFT windings. If non-obstructivemovement (or positioning) is provided, the primary and secondary sideswould be separated by at least one air gap. Also, an air gap may beincorporated to more evenly distribute the flux density throughout thecore of the transformer. While re-distributing the high frequencymagnetic flux energy in the core of the PDF-HFT as a result of movement(or positioning), the PDF-HFT automatically and instantaneously inducesthe angular velocity (speed) and phase (position) component of themovement onto any excitation signal waveform at its winding terminalswhile propagating electrical power across its air gap. Therefore, thewinding sets of the PDF-HFT with any number of phase windings arephysically arranged about the air gap area so any relative movement (orpositioning) between the primary (or stationary) and secondary (ormoving) sides will vary the state of the magnetic flux cutting the phasewinding sets, such as varying the physical area (or length) of themagnetic path cutting the phase winding sets. One way to accomplish thisis to evenly distribute (or balance) and overlap each of the AC phasewindings according to phase angle along a plane that is perpendicular tothe magnetic path. This is a similar action experienced by electricmachines or the PGM and as a result, the PDF-HFT follows the sameoperating principles as described for the PGM during the discussion ofFIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 3. Any signal seen on the rotation (or moving)side of the PDF-HFT will include a mechanical speed and phase componentas referenced to any signal waveform on the stationary side (orvice-versa) with a step-up, step-down, or neutral magnitudemultiplication as a result of the winding-turns ratio. The flux path ofthe PDF-HFT can be a radial magnetic field path (cylindrical formfactor), transverse flux, or an axial magnetic field path (pancake orhockey puck form factor) as referenced to the axis of rotation (ormovement) of the shaft. The PDF-HFT can be symmetrical with the samenumber of phase windings between the rotor and stator sides orasymmetrically with a different number of phase windings between therotor and stator sides. The PDF-HFT can be designed for linear movementor rotational movement because the same electromagnetic theory applies.

FIG. 10 shows the air-gap face half of one embodiment of the PDF-HFT in3-dimensions 9 d with an isometric equivalency 10 d showing two halveswith faces adjacent at the air-gap. This embodiment of the PDF-HFTincludes an air gap 2 d for non-obstructive rotation (or movement) aboutits annulus 11 d and for even distribution of the flux density. It is anaxial flux design (or pancake form factor) because the flux direction 6d is perpendicular to the face (as shown) or parallel to the axis ofrotation (or annulus 11 d). Understand another embodiment of the PDF-HFTcan be a radial flux design, where the flux direction is perpendicularto the axis of rotation, or transverse flux design. One half of thePDF-HFT core 1 d has radial winding slots 7 d, 3 d, 8 d on its facefilled with a crude representation of almost one winding-turn 4 d of onephase with two pole-pairs. In actuality, there may be more turns perpole or more pole-pairs. Additional phases may include separatelyexcited windings that meet the phase criteria. For this specificexample, each of the three windings of a 3-Phase PDF-HFT would be spaced120 degrees apart or the phase winding 4 d as shown rotated by one slotfor each of the other phase windings, since there are only 12 slots inthis three-phase example. Therefore, Phase-1 winding may start at slot 7d (as shown), Phase-2 winding may be a duplicate of Phase-1 winding butmay start at slot 8 d, and phase 3 winding may be a duplicate of Phase-1winding but may start at slot 3 d. Understand, the number of slots isany factor of the number of phases. The magnetic flux 6 d flows throughthe air gap 2 d in an axial direction or parallel to the axis ofrotation (and perpendicular to the plane of the overlapped phasewindings) and this embodiment would be considered a pancake or axialflux core design. Two like pancake winding cores 1 d and 5 d are placedface to face in proximity to each other separated by an air gap 2 d asshown in the isometric drawing. It should be understood that anyrelative movement between 1 d and 5 d changes the flux path area throughthe magnetic poles of each of the phase windings, since the plane of theoverlapping phase windings is perpendicular to the flux path. Magneticpole-pairs of the windings are included in the air gap area dynamics ofthe PDF-HFT, because magnetic pole-pairs occur along the air gap area.In the case of the pancake design, the windings (and pole-pairs) areoverlapped on a plane that is perpendicular to the magnetic flux pathand as a result, the magnetic flux area changes with movement as wouldthe flux coupling between windings; hence, the position dependent fluxhigh frequency rotating transformer.

In general, the form factor, pole-pair count, and phase number of thewinding sets on each side of the PDF-HFT should be similar to therespective form factor, pole-pair count, and phase number as on theexcited electric machine (or PGM) in order to “emulate” the respectiveexcitation waveforms supplied to the PGM by the BMSCC system, regardlessof speed. More importantly, the only constraint on the windingarrangement and form factor and excitation of the PDF-HFT is to deliversignals at the moving body with modulated waveforms that duplicate themodulation envelops or “emulate” the form and frequency of the magneticfield or excitation signals expected by the PGM for synchronousoperation of electric apparatus.

The PDF-HFT can have any ratio between the number of winding-turns onthe secondary (rotor or moving body) and primary (stator body) accordingto design, such as any step-up, step-down ratio, including neutralratio. Since the PDF-HFT is designed for much higher frequencies ofoperation, the number of winding turns and the air gap area of thePDF-HFT would meet the operational requirements of the high frequencycarrier and as a result, mutual inductance, which is a function of airgap area and winding turns, would be different from the emulated PGM.

Since a linear (moving) electric machine follows the sameelectromagnetic principles as a rotating electric machine with a similarwinding arrangement unrolled or laid out in a linear fashion, thePDF-HFT (or BMSCC system) can support both linear and rotating electricmachines by designing to linear or rotating form-factors.

The PDF-HFT could be a balanced phase winding electrical device with thephase windings on the stationary or primary side arranged in accordancewith the phase offset (or phase angle) of the AC multiphase signal(i.e., 120 degrees apart for 3-Phase AC) with the magnetic signaturebetween phase windings equal (i.e., the same winding-turns, the samemagnetic path, etc). Under this configuration, any imbalance betweenphase windings, which is a natural reality, may be overcome byindividually adjusting the current through the windings by the BMSCC tocompensate for the imbalance.

New Synergistic Art of the PIF-HFT: In contrast to the PDF-HFT, thePosition “Independent” Flux High Frequency Transformer (PIF-HFT) doesnot change, re-distribute, or share any magnetic flux energy betweenunlike phase windings on the primary and secondary sides, even inaccordance with position or movement, which is a dissimilar actionexperienced on the PGM (or PDF-HFT). The PIF-HFT will only couplemagnetic flux energy between primary (stationary) and secondary (moving)windings of the same phase in accordance to winding turns-ratios. An airgap junction may be incorporated for free movement between the primaryand secondary sides of the PIF-HFT or for even distribution of flux. Forexample, a 3-Phase PIF-HFT is essentially three independent transformersintegrated into the same body and as a result, PIF-HFT does not induceany angular velocity (speed) and phase waveform component onto anyexcitation signal at its winding terminals while propagating electricalpower across its air gap. Further, varying the current through any phasewinding primary and secondary pair will not affect the current throughthe other phase windings. Therefore, the winding sets of the PIF-HFTwith any number of phases are physically arranged about the air gap areaso any relative movement between the stationary and moving bodies oneach side of the air gap will not vary the magnetic flux path cuttingthe winding sets. One way to accomplish this is to position the phasewindings so the phase winding from unlike phase windings are isolatedfrom each other by not overlapping or occupying the same area along aplane that is perpendicular to the flux path. Consequently, the numberof pole-pairs and other position or movement dependent behavior peculiarto the PDF-HFT (and PGM) are not associated with the PIF-HFT. Any signalseen on the stationary side of the PIF-HFT should be similar to anysignal seen on the moving side (or vice-versa) regardless of mechanicalmovement but with a step-up, step-down, or neutral magnitudemultiplication as a result of the winding-turns ratio. The flux path ofthe PIF-HFT can be radial magnetic field form factor (cylindrical),transverse flux, or axial magnetic field form factor (pancake). ThePIF-HFT must have the same number of phases on the moving and stationarysides and cannot be asymmetrically, since there is no magnetic couplingbetween phase windings of unlike phases. To minimize or alleviateinductive cross-talk between PIF-HFT phase winding sets, there may be anair-gap (or high reluctance) means separating each phase winding pair oflike phases on each side of the air-gap. The PIF-HFT can be linear(moving) or rotating because the same electromagnetic theory applies.

FIG. 11 shows the air-gap face half of one embodiment of the PIF-HFT in3-dimensions 9 e with an isometric equivalency 10 e showing two halveswith faces adjacent at the air-gap. Again the 3-dimensioned FIG. 11,which is one-half the PIF-HFT core, shows a pancake style of the PIF-HFTbecause the flux 6 e flows through the air gap 2 e in an axial directionor parallel to the axis of rotation (or annulus 11 e). Phase Windingslots 3 e, 4 e, and 5 e for the 3-Phase PIF-HFT are ring winding slotson the face of the one-half core and are symmetrically spaced around theaxis of rotation. The two cores 1 e and 7 e are placed face to face asshown in the isometric view 10 e, separated by the air gap 2 e. Themagnitude of the flux path between the two cores 1 e and 7 e does notchange as a result of rotation (or movement). Further, the same fluxpath is maintained between the same primary and secondary phase windingpair, regardless of movement. Unlike the PDF-HFT, the PIF-HFT has noconcept of winding magnetic poles because the air gap dimensions of thePIF-HFT do not change in accordance with movement. The number ofwinding-turns or the air gap area between phases may be designeddifferently to mitigate anomalies associated with the differentdiameters of the circular phase winding arrangements.

Unlike the PDF-HFT, the PIF-HFT is not a balanced phase winding devicebecause each “coupled” phase winding set on the stationary or primaryside is mutually exclusive from any other coupled phase winding set.Regardless, the magnetic signature between any “coupled” phase windingset should be equal (i.e., the same winding-turns, the same magneticpath, etc). Any imbalance between coupled phase winding sets, such as doto construction reality, may be overcome by individually adjusting thecurrent through the windings by any combination of CTOM or CPDM.

New Synergistic Art of the PDF-HFT and PIF-HFT Combination(PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination): The combination of the PDF-HFT andPIF-HFT, which is a functional ingredient of the SEG, requires both thePDF-HFT and PIF-HFT transformers to have the same number of phasewinding sets on the secondary bodies, which are the rotating (or moving)bodies, because the electrical terminals of the secondary phase windingsets are directly connected in accordance with the phase designation(i.e., phase-to-phase). As a result, any mechanical speed, position, orphase waveform component induced on the PDF-HFT secondary winding setsby possible movement or positioning of the PDF-HFT is propagated to theprimary side of the PIF-HFT without change (with the exception of anywind-turns ratio amplification). Since the PIF-HFT can only be phasesymmetrical, the number of phases on either side of the PIF-HFT is equalto the number of phase windings on the secondary side of the PDF-HFT.However, the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination can be phase symmetrical orphase asymmetrical as a result of the PDF-HFT.

As used herein any reference to PDF-HFT equally applies to thePDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, unless explicitly noted otherwise.

As used herein any reference to PDF-HFT, PIF-HFT, or electric machine,the secondary side refers to the potentially moving (or rotating) sideand the primary side refers to the non-moving side.

As used herein any reference to PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, the primaryside of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination is the primary side of thePDF-HFT and the secondary side of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination is theprimary side of the PIF-HFT. However it should be understood that bysymmetry, the primary side of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination could bethe primary side of the PIF-HFT and the secondary side of thePDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination could be the primary side of the PDF-HFT.

Winding Form-Factor Art: The Winding Form-Factor determines the windingslot arrangement, the placement of the windings, etc., and as a result,the Winding Form-Factor determines the current density and the effectivecore flux density of the magnetic core of the electric machine entity(i.e., the PGM), the PDF-HFT, or the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination. Thereare many variations of winding form-factors in the industry. WindingForm-Factors, which have been used in the past, have been reconsiderednew inventions or art for specific types of electric machines. Becauseany RTEC or BMSCC controlled electric machine is unknown to electricmachine experts or engineers, this invention will incorporate anyimproved Winding Form-Factors that are relevant to the design of thePDF-HFT, the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, or the PGM controlled by BMSCCand will consider these means as BMSCC or RTEC synergistic art whenincorporated.

Magnetic Techniques Art: Because any RTEC or BMSCC controlled electricmachine is unknown to electric machine experts or engineers, thisinvention will incorporate any manufacturing, construction, or magneticcore material techniques that improve the performance of the PDF-HFT,the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, or the PGM controlled by BMSCC andconsiders these techniques as BMSCC or RTEC synergistic art whenincorporated.

Modulation Art: All conventional Electronic Controllers of electricmachines modulate the gating of an array of power switches to synthesizethe frequency of electrical excitation at the winding terminals (port)of the electric machine, which is a function of speed and position ofthe electric machine shaft (i.e., the synchronous speed relation), andto controlling the power quality and quantity of the electricalexcitation at the electrical terminals of the electric machine.Conventional modulation techniques are inherently incompatible with theelectrical power transfer requirements of Real Time Emulation Control(or Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Control), which is the onlymethod that controls the transfer of power to the ports of an electricmachine by at least controlling the power between the primary andsecondary sides of at least a Position Dependent Flux High FrequencyTransformer (i.e. the PDF-HFT). Signals with any level of DC bias, suchas those synthesized by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Space VectorModulation, Phase Modulation, or Frequency Modulation for electricmachine control, are incompatible with conditioning or sharing powerpropagated through a position dependent flux high frequency transformer,such as the PDF-HFT.

It should be now understood that BMSCC (or RTEC) is the only controllertechnology of an electric machine or apparatus that integrates abalanced phase winding Position Dependent Flux High FrequencyTransformer (PDF-HFT) or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination as an integralcomponent of its modulation control means. The PDF-HFT orPDF-HFT-PIF-HFT transfers high power energy across the air gap with thepotential of an automatic speed or position frequency component (i.e.,self-commutation), although the PDF-HFT could be held at standstill withthe new art of magnetic energy sharing performing the signalre-fabrication. In accordance with this unique architecture, BMSCC (orRTEC) incorporates two complementary components for modulation controlof high frequency, high power transfer that differentiates BMSCC (orRTEC) from all other electric machine control. The first component isthe “Initial Setup and Control of the Magnetizing Current”, which firstestablishes and then manages the magnetizing current or oscillatingmagnetic flux of PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT-PIF-HFT Combination and resultingport voltage in accordance with Faraday's Law. The second component,which occurs after the first component, is the “Power Transfer Control”component, which controls the actual transfer of high power across theair gap of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT-PIF-HFT Combination to the electricmachine or electric apparatus being controlled by using a magneticenergy (or power) packet transfer method with the new art of compensatedmodulation of BMSCC. Once steady-state is achieved in the PDF-HFT orPDF-HFT-PIF-HFT Combination by the first component (i.e., the InitialSetup and Control of the Magnetizing Current), the second component willreplenish any power (or current) removed from one electrical port of thetransformer by power (or current) entering the opposite port of thetransformer (or vice-versa) to keep the oscillating magnetic field inthe air gap of the transformer at its steady-state condition. Anotherdistinguishing feature of BMSCC is the magnetizing current MMF vectorfirst established by the MCG, which is imaginary power, is orthogonal tothe load current MMF vector established by the Modems, which is actualcontrol power transferred across the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination) air-gap. No other electric machine uses this two componentcontrol technique because no other electric machine controller uses aPDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) as described. Unliketraditional modulation techniques for electric machine control, such asPulse Width Modulation (PWM), Space Vector Modulation, Phase Modulation,or Frequency Modulation, the compensated modulation technology of BMSCCisolates the high frequency components within the PDF-HFT orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT, which is designed for high frequency operation, andproduces waveforms with virtually no harmonic content. Unliketraditional modulation techniques, BMSCC never subjects the windings ofthe electric apparatus under control or the electrical power grid tohigh frequency content, which is detrimental to bearing and windinginsulation life and cause high core and electrical loss.

New Synergistic Art of the Magnetizing Current Generator (MCG) means:The “Initial Setup and Control of the Magnetizing Current Component” ofthe BMSCC is with the Magnetizing Current Generator (MCG) means. The MCGestablishes the steady-state oscillating magnetic field in the PDF-HFT(or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) to satisfy the baseline designconstraints of the PDF-HFT in accordance with Faraday's Law, such as thebase-line frequency and air gap flux density for the operational designrange of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT-PIF-HFT, by supplying aMagneto-Motive-Force (MMF) or Magnetizing Current in the winding set ofthe PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT-PIF-HFT. According to Faraday's Law, theMagnetizing Current is always 90 degrees lagging from the port voltageand contributes only imaginary power (or no real power) if electricalloss is neglected. The frequency of oscillation is significantly fasterthan the time base of the electric apparatus being driven, such as thePGM (e.g., 10 kHz versus 60 Hz). Without the setup of magnetizingcurrent initially applied by the MCG at a frequency that is appropriatefor the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT-PIF-HFT design, any power transfer controltechnique would fail or the PDF-HFT would be inoperable because ofpotential of core saturation or heavy magnetizing current flow. Sincethe MCG shows imaginary power (disregarding loss), the MCG could berealized by a separate low power modulation means for driving anauxiliary low power winding set(s) solely for the setup of the air gapflux, or it could be integrated into any synchronous modem circuits orany switching algorithms for the Power Transfer Control component. TheMCG is the flux (or voltage) controller of BMSCC and has the ability toadjust the frequency of the oscillating magnetic field within the designconstraints of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination at any timefor another level of control. An MCG can excite any phase winding in anycombination and on any side of the PDF-HFT.

By first establishing the oscillating magnetic fielding in the core of aPDF-HFT combination, the MCG provides the basis, called compensatedgating, for: 1) the new art of compensated modulation techniques andmagnetic energy sharing, 2) position and speed reference measurementbefore and during compensated modulation from the envelopes of thecarrier signals, 3) measurement of the ratio of winding turnamplification, and 4) establishment of the BMSCC primary side andsecondary side port voltages.

New Synergistic Art of Power Transfer Control Means: The “Power TransferControl” component, which consists of new modulation control techniquesfor transferring high power electromagnetic energy across the air gap ofthe PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, are Compensated TransitionOffset Modulation (CTOM), Compensated Pulse Density Modulation (CPDM),or any combination of CTOM or CPDM. The modulation techniques areconsidered “Compensated” because the gate timing of the SynchronousModems is in “synchronous” time relationship to the unbiased positiveand negative transitions or the symmetrical bipolar transitions (i.e.,no low frequency bias) of the steady-state high frequency oscillatingmagnetic fields pre-established in the air gap (or the MagnetizingCurrents in the windings) of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combinationby the magnetizing current generator means or MCG. For instance, if thegate timing of the synchronous modem (i.e., integralmodulator-demodulator) on one side of the PDF-HFT adds power (energy) tothe oscillating magnetic field, the gate timing of the synchronous modemon the other side of the PDF-HFT must “compensate” for the additionalenergy in the oscillating magnetic field by synchronously removing thesame amount of power (energy) from the oscillating magnetic field topreserve the steady-state condition of the oscillating magnetic fieldpre-established by the MCG.

As used herein, “compensated gating” refers to the act of gating orswitching of the electrical power in referenced synchronism to anymeasurable derivative of the high frequency oscillating magnetic fieldpre-established and then managed by the MCG, such as the voltagetransitions or the cycles of the high frequency oscillating magneticfield.

As used herein, “compensated gating dynamics” refers to dynamicallyadjusting at any time to the “compensated gating” by any half-cycle orby any time offset relative to a cycle reference, such as a cycle edgetransition.

New Synergistic Art of Compensated Transition Offset Timing Modulation(CTOM): CTOM is a modulation means for conditioning electrical powerthat is peculiar to RTEC or BMSCC, which is transferring conditioned orre-fabricated high frequency power between the primary and secondaryside of a Position Dependent Flux High Frequency Transformer (PDF-HFT)or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination with a steady-state oscillating magneticfield that is pre-established by a MCG means and with synchronous modemson opposite sides for gating power packets in relation to thepre-established oscillating magnetic field. CTOM controls the relativetime offset between the gating (i.e., negative-packet-on andpositive-packet-on) of the synchronous modems on each side of thePDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination in synchronous relationship tothe oscillating magnetic field as only established by the MCG. Withproper high frequency filtering or strategic timing of the synchronousmodem gating, virtually all the high frequency components, such as thecarrier frequency, are confined to the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination, which is designed for high frequency operation, and as aresult, leaving only the low frequency components at the terminals ofthe REG (or SEG).

As used herein, negative-packet-on and positive-packet-on define termsthat may require a complicated process of turning-on and turning-off anarray of power switches (i.e., power semiconductors) in order to producea positive or negative transfer of power (or current) packets. Forinstance, there may be a delay between turning-off one set of powerswitches before turning-on another set of power switches to avoid anyshort circuit potential.

As used herein, the switching energy of any burst of high frequencyelectrical signals as a result of relative AC chopper gate timingcontrol is stored in the oscillating magnetic field of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) core and is shareable between any PhaseWinding assembled on the core of the balance phase winding PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination).

As used herein, any discussion applying to the PDF-HFT equally appliesto the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination (or vice-versa).

FIG. 7 shows the progression of signals through the REG (or SEG) on theprimary (stator) and secondary side (rotor) of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) as a result of CTOM. Any discussionapplying to the PDF-HFT equally applies to the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination (or vice-versa). For this disclosure, AC Chopper, chopper,chop, etc. are synonymous with synchronous modem or synchronous modemoperation. The signal V or “Input Signal before AC Chopper” 1 arepresents a single input signal 5 a to the electrical terminals on oneside of the REG (or SEG), which may have many input signals. This signalcould be an AC or DC waveform. The signal shown is actually a portion ofa sinusoidal AC waveform 5 a with a zero crossing point 6 a through thezero voltage or current frame 7 a. In comparison, a DC waveform would bea constant level above or below the zero voltage or current frame 7 awith no zero crossing point 6 a. To simplify analysis, the signal W or“Primary Winding Signal after the Primary AC Chopper” 2 a, which is theoscillating magnetic field resulting from gating the signal V or the“Input Signal before AC Chopper” 1 a with the MCG, similarly representsthe gate timing signals controlling the synchronous modem driving itsrespective phase winding on one side of the PDF-HFT (i.e., the primaryside) in synchronous relation to the oscillating magnetic field. Thesignal W or the “Primary Winding Signal after the Primary AC Chopper” 2a also depicts the magnetically induced signal on the secondary side ofthe PDF-HFT but with different modulation amplitude envelop 11 a, whichis in accordance to the relative speed and position between opposingsides of the transformer and the transformer winding-turns ratio. Inaddition, the signal W or the “Primary Winding Signal After the PrimaryAC Chopper” 2 a similarly represents the synchronism of the gate timingsignals gating the primary synchronous modem in reference to theoscillating magnetic field pre-established by the MCG and for this case,the gating of the synchronous modems is congruent with thepre-established oscillating magnetic field, which could indicate thatthe MCG is built into the primary synchronous modem. In electricalreality, the straight edges seen in FIG. 7 may be rounder and slower.The signal W or the “Primary Winding Signal after the Primary ACChopper” 2 a has a negative going transition 8 a and a positive goingtransition 9 a per carrier cycle (or period) 12 a that symmetricallypass through the zero voltage or current 7 a at the chopping or carrierfrequency. The chopping frequency is much higher than the frequency ofthe AC or DC waveform 5 a. The negative going transition 8 a andpositive going transition 9 a per cycle (or period) similarly representsthe negative-packet-on transition 8 a or positive-packet-on transition 9a, respectively, of the AC chopper circuit (i.e., synchronous modem)while neglecting any time delays or other anomalies associated with thecircuit.

The amplitude levels 11 a (dotted lines) represent the variation of theAC chopper signal waveform in accordance with the modulation amplitudeenvelope over time, which is the waveform 5 a of signal V or the “InputSignal before AC Chopper” 1 a. By induction, the signal on the Secondary(or rotating) Winding of the PDF-HFT would be a similar waveform assignal W 2 a but with a different amplitude level 11 a do to thewinding-turns ratio of the PDF-HFT, do to the amplitude levels 11 a onthe primary side, or do to the degree of magnetic coupling as a resultof the relative position between the stationary winding and the movingwinding of the PDF-HFT. The degree of magnetic coupling, which is afunction of relative speed (or mechanical frequency) and positionbetween the stationary and moving windings of the PDF-HFT, would offsetshift the waveform of signal Z or the “Output Signal After AC Chopper”23 a (after the secondary synchronous modem) according to the speed andposition by changing the amplitude levels 11 a.

The signal X or the “Gating Signal of the Secondary AC Chopper (X)” 3 arepresents the negative-packet-on transition 13 a and positive-packet-ontransition 14 a for gating the AC chopper circuit (i.e., synchronousmodem) on the secondary (or moving) side of the PDF-HFT while signal W 2a would represent the gating the primary side AC choppers. The signal Xor the “Gating Signal (X) of the Secondary AC Chopper” 3 a issynchronized to the potentially dynamic cycle period 12 a of the signalW or the “Primary Winding Signal after the AC Primary Chopper” 2 a forsynchronous demodulation (or vice-versa). The gate signals, W, X, and Y,are always relative to the oscillating magnetic field provided by theMCG.

CTOM is a modulation technique where the relative time offset betweenany positive 9 a (or 14 a) or negative 8 a (or 13 a) “bipolar”transitions of the carrier frequency on the “same” side of the PDF-HFTis adjusted in any dynamic combination for gating the choppers.Likewise, CTOM is a modulation technique where the relative time offsetbetween any positive (between 14 a and 9 a) or negative (between 13 a or8 a) bipolar transitions of the carrier frequency between “opposite”sides of the PDF-HFT is adjusted in any dynamic combination for gatingthe choppers. CTOM would vary the relative gate timing betweentransitions 8 a (or 13 a) and 9 a (or 14 a) with respect to the period12 a including in combination with the changing oscillating magneticfield period of 12 a as established and managed by the Magnetic CurrentGenerator means (MCG). During any dynamic transition change, the cycleperiod 12 a between the synchronous modems on each side of the PDF-HFTis synchronized regardless of timing dynamics of the transitions. Saiddifferently, CTOM is time adjusting the gating in any dynamiccombination between transitions on signal W or “Primary Winding SignalAfter Primary AC Chopper” 2 a or in any dynamic combination betweentransitions on the “Gating Signal (X or Y) on The Secondary Chopper” 3a, 4 a or in any dynamic combination between the “Primary Winding SignalAfter Primary AC Chopper” 2 a transitions and the “Gating Signal (X orY) of The Secondary Chopper” 3 a, 4 a transitions but always insynchronism with the period 12 a managed by the MCG. Further, thecombinational time offset adjustments could be fixed or dynamicallychanged during any cycle or during any other cycle, which is managed bythe MCG. Controlling the combinational adjustments is the result ofgating the “negative-packet-on transition” or “positive-packet-ontransition” of the synchronous modems at virtually the same time theadjustments are desired. The offset shift between transitions could bereferenced or controlled on the rotor (or moving) side, the stator side,or both sides as long as the cycle periods 12 a between the two sidesare synchronized, which means the cycle period 12 a of gating thesynchronous modems on either side of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination) must acclimate (i.e., phase lock) to the same period 12 amanaged by the MCG even with a dynamic change in cycle period by theMCG. The primary and secondary sides are timing symmetrical and eitherside can be the initiator or the controller of the timing dynamics. Thetiming dynamics could be referenced or controlled on the rotor (i.e.,secondary) side, the stator (i.e., primary) side, or both sides as longas the two sides are synchronized.

As an example, the “Gating Signal (X) of the Secondary AC Chopper” 3 acould include a positive shift 15 a in gate timing as a result of CTOMor a negative shift 24 a as shown in the “Gating Signal (Y) of theSecondary AC Chopper” 4 a, which would average (i.e., control) the powerweighting (or gating) between primary and secondary synchronous modems.For instance, the power transfer direction through the synchronousmodem, which is represented by a current vector with direction passingthrough a resistor 26 a and 27 a, would occur several times over theperiod 12 a of the carrier signal and as a result, would variablyaverage the combined power levels depending on the degree of offsetshift. Shifting the “Gating Signal (X) of The Secondary AC Chopper” 3 aodd multiples of 180 degrees (or half cycles) relative to the signal Wor the “Primary Winding Signal After Primary AC Chopper” signal 2 awould result in an inverted (or negative) signal of the signal Z or the“Output Signal After AC Chopper” 23 a. This is crudely represented bythe dotted AC or DC output waveform 20 a, which results from applyingthe dotted waveform of the “Gating Signal (Y) of The Secondary ACChopper” signal 4 a. Likewise, the solid AC or DC output waveform 20 aof the signal Z or “Output Signal After AC Chopper” 23 a corresponds tothe solid waveform of the “Gating Signal (X) of The Secondary ACChopper” signal 3 a, which is shifted 180 degrees (or half cycle) fromthe negating “Gating Signal (Y) of The Secondary AC Chopper” signal 4 a.Similarly, shifting the “Gating Signal (X) of The Secondary AC Chopper”3 a even multiples of 180 degrees (or zero degrees) or half cyclesrelative to the signal W or the “Primary Winding Signal After Primary ACChopper” signal 2 a would result in a non-inverted signal Z or “OutputSignal After AC Chopper” 23 a (i.e., solid waveform). Shifting the“Gating Signal (X) of The Secondary AC Chopper” 3 a odd multiples of 90degrees (or quarter cycles) relative to the signal X of the “PrimaryWinding Signal After Primary AC Chopper” signal 2 a (as is shown) wouldresult in no voltage or current because resulting oscillating power hasno average power. It should now be understood that varying the offsetshift other than 90 or 270 degrees would vary the voltage or currenttransfer amplitude and the polarity of the transfer. Overall, the result(with proper filtering) is the solid (or dotted) AC or DC outputWaveform 20 a as shown in the signal Z or the “Output Signal after ACChopper” 23 a. It should also be understood that the signal Z or the“Output Signal after the AC Chopper” 23 a would also include anymechanical shift or frequency (speed) between the rotor and statorwinding sets of the PDF-HFT.

In keeping with the spirit of the preceding example, the positive ornegative gating shift per high frequency chopper period could vary inaccordance to the desired waveform or the re-fabricated waveform that isrelated to the waveform of the signal V or the “Input Signal before ACChopper” 1 a. Under this situation, the magnetic core energy would beshared between phases in order to produce or re-fabricate the desiredphase waveform envelop by CTOM, since the input of a particular phasewaveform being control (i.e., “Input Signal Before AC Chopper” 1 a) mayhave no amplitude while the desired output waveform (i.e., “OutputSignal After AC Chopper” 23 a) may require a finite amplitude. Inaddition, the time offset between transitions would vary in a timelyfashion according to the amplitude of the desired waveform. Under thismethod of CTOM control, the torque angle (or the power factor) couldpotentially be adjusted by sharing the magnetic energy in the core ofthe PDF-HFT as a result of CTOM gating. Again, the mechanical speedwould be an additional component in the resulting output waveform 23 a.The shift 22 a represents the offset shift of the output waveform 23 ain relation to the input waveform 1 a as a result of the mechanicalspeed/position between the stationary and moving winding sets of thePDF-HFT or as a result of modulating the gate timing shift (15 a, 24 a)by CTOM in accordance to the desired (or contrived) waveform.

Understanding that all modulation can be analyzed by beating of signals,a simple trigonometry analysis will show how power can be controlled byCTOM. Let Cos (Wt) represent the gate transition timing of thesynchronous modem on one side of the PDF-HFT and Cos (Wt+φ) representthe gate transition timing of the synchronous modem on other side of thePDF-HFT. Both transition timings are out of phase by φ but operate atthe same frequency, W, which is first setup and then managed by the MCG,and are therefore, synchronized. Further, the resulting high frequencycarrier signal (i.e., power signal) has a low frequency modulationenvelope, Cos (W₆₀t) do to the AC phase signal (i.e., 60 Hz for thisexample). Using simple trigonometry, the following results from beatingCos (Wt) with Cos (Wt+φ) and again with Cos (W₆₀t):

${{{Cos}( {W_{60}t} )} \cdot \{ {{{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot {{Cos}( {{Wt} + \varphi} )}} \}} = {{{{Cos}( {W_{60}t} )} \cdot \{ {{{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot \lbrack {{{{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot {{Cos}(\varphi)}} - {{{Sin}({Wt})} \cdot {{Sin}(\varphi)}}} \rbrack} \}} = {{{{Cos}( {W_{0}t} )} \cdot \{ \lbrack {{{{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot {{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot {{Cos}(\varphi)}} - {{{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot {{Sin}({Wt})} \cdot {{Sin}(\varphi)}}} \rbrack \}} = {{{{Cos}( {W_{60}t} )} \cdot \{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot \lbrack {{{Cos}(\varphi)} + {{{Cos}( {2{Wt}} )} \cdot {{Cos}(\varphi)}} - {{{Sin}( {2{Wt}} )} \cdot {{Sin}(\varphi)}}} \rbrack} \}} = {{{Cos}( {W_{60}t} )} \cdot \{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot \lbrack {{{Cos}(\varphi)} - {{Cos}( {{2{Wt}} + \varphi} )}} \rbrack} \}}}}}$

At 0 or 180 degrees for φ, the power signal is

${{Cos}( {W_{60}t} )} \cdot \{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot \lbrack {1 - {{Cos}( {2W\; t} )}} \rbrack} \}$or

${{- {{Cos}( {W_{60}t} )}} \cdot \{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot \lbrack {1 - {{Cos}( {2{Wt}} )}} \rbrack} \}},$respectively, which have average power levels. At 90 or 270 degrees forφ, the power signal is

${{Cos}( {W_{60}t} )} \cdot \{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot {{Sin}( {2{Wt}} )}} \}$or

${{- {{Cos}( {W_{60}t} )}} \cdot \{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot {{Sin}( {2W\; t} )}} \}},$respectively, which are sinusoidal at the high frequency for simplefiltering, and accordingly, have no average power or have zero powerlevel.

By changing the offset timing of the gating between the synchronousmodems on each side of the PDF-HFT, φ, the propagation of power can bevaried. Since any fast transition periodic signal, such as a squarewave, can be represented as a series (i.e., Fourier Series) of sinusoidswith harmonics of the fundamental frequency, an AC chopped signal, suchas the AC chopped signal resulting from gating the synchronous modems,would be represented by a Fourier series of Cos (W_(N)t) or Cos(W_(N)t+φ), where N represents frequency harmonic terms, and thecombinational results would be similar to the simple analysis justpresented for Cos (Wt) with Cos (Wt+φ).

New Synergistic Art of Compensated Pulse Density Modulation (CPDM): CPDMis a modulation means for conditioning electrical power that is peculiarto RTEC or BMSCC, which is transferring conditioned or re-fabricatedhigh frequency electromagnetic power between the primary and secondaryside of a Position Dependent Flux High Frequency Transformer (PDF-HFT)or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination with a steady-state oscillating magneticfield that is pre-established and managed by a MCG means producingsymmetrical bipolar carrier signals (i.e., no DC bias) and withsynchronous modems (i.e., integral modulator-demodulator) on oppositesides for gating power packets in synchronous relation to thepre-established oscillating magnetic field as only established by theMCG. CPDM controls and synchronizes the number of contiguous gatingtransitions of the synchronous modems during a burst (or string) of highfrequency cycles that occur at specific time intervals (or frames). Eachframe occurs multiple times during the period of the low frequencywaveform of the modulation envelope. The number of cycles per string isweighted according to the desired shape and magnitude of the modulationenvelope waveform to be transferred between synchronized AC powerswitches of the synchronous modems on each side of the PDF-HFT. Theweighting (or density of the string) and the frame time interval can bedynamically adjusted at anytime. With proper high frequency filtering orstrategic timing of the synchronous modem gating, virtually all the highfrequency components, such as the carrier frequency, are confined to thePDF-HFT, which is designed for high frequency operation, leaving onlythe low frequency components at the terminals of the PDF-HFT. Togenerate a string of cycles during a given interval, the synchronousmodems on the primary side of the PDF-HFT would be continuously gated insynchronism to the carrier frequency to achieve the desire number ofcycle density (or weight) for that string during a given frame.Likewise, the synchronous modem on the secondary side of the PDF-HFT,which is synchronized to the synchronous modem on the primary side,would be gated during the same frame; thereby, demodulating the highfrequency carrier and showing only the desired electrical weight of thestring, which is the combined weight or polarity (i.e. accumulation) ofall the half-cycle energy directed into one polarity by the gating ofsynchronous demodulation. Shifting the gating of the synchronous modemon only one side of the PDF-HFT by one-half cycle (or 180 degrees) wouldeffectively negate (or invert) the weighting. As a result, other affectscould be achieved by half cycle shifting the gating between thesynchronized AC choppers on each side of the PDF-HFT during any frame.For instance, half cycle shifting the gating on one side of the PDF-HFTby an incremental number during any frame interval of weight cycleswould retrieve smaller portions of the power density of the string,since a portion of the string would not be gated or synchronouslydemodulated. This portion of energy could be absorbed by another ACPhase, if the AC choppers of that particular AC phase continue to gate(or synchronously demodulate) during the same frame interval. Theweighting and cycle shifting could be referenced or controlled on therotor side, the stator side, or both sides as long as the two sides aresynchronized to the oscillating magnetic field pre-established by theMCG.

FIG. 8 shows the progression of signals through the REG (or SEG) on theprimary (stator) and secondary side (rotor) of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) as a result of CPDM. Any discussionapplying to the PDF-HFT equally applies to the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination (or vice-versa). For this disclosure, AC Chopper, Chopper,etc., similarly represent a synchronous modem or synchronous modemoperation. The signal Q or the “Input Signal before AC Chopper” 1 b isthe input signal to the REG (or SEG). This signal could be an “AC or DCSupply Waveform” 5 b. The signal shown is actually a portion of asinusoidal waveform with a voltage or current crossing point 6 b throughthe zero voltage or current of AC or DC supply baseline 7 b. A DCwaveform would be a constant level above or below the zero voltage orcurrent baseline 7 b with no zero crossing point 6 b. To simplifyanalysis, the signal R or the “Primary Winding Signal after the ACChopper” 2 b, which is the oscillating magnetic field resulting fromgating the Input Signal 1 b with the MCG, similarly represents the gatetiming signals controlling the synchronous modem driving its respectivephase winding on the primary side of the PDF-HFT in synchronous relationto the oscillating magnetic field. The signal R or the “Primary WindingSignal after the AC Chopper” 2 b also represents the magneticallyinduced secondary winding signal of the PDF-HFT. In electrical reality,the straight edges depicted are generally rounder and slower. Eachstring length 12 b and 13 b of cycles 18 b of gatednegative-packet-on-transitions led by the negative transition 8 b andpositive-packet-on-transitions led by the positive transition 9 b isweighted with a different number of cycles 18 b according to the voltageor current level desired for that particular frame 14 b with aresolution of weighting down to half cycles. In this case, string 12 bcontains 2.5 cycles and string 13 b contain 4.5 cycles. The beginning ofeach string of cycles would be separated by a frame 14 b that could be atime interval based on an arbitrary or fixed number of cycles or adynamically changing number of cycles. The interval of a frame consistsof a weighted number of cycles that should be equal to or larger thanthe maximum anticipated weight of any string. The amplitude level 5 b ofthe signal Q or the “Input Signal before AC Chopper” 1 b is included onthe amplitude of the signal R or the “Primary Winding Signal after theAC Chopper” 2 b, which is shown by the dotted amplitude levels 11 b. Theoverlapping timing of the signal S or the “Gating Signals of theSecondary AC Choppers” 3 b synchronously demodulates the secondarywinding signals to produce a signal T or “Output Signal after ACChopper” 4 b. The signal T or the “AC or DC output waveform” 15 b willhave a zero crossing point 14 b that may be phase shifted 17 b accordingto the desired (i.e., re-fabricated) waveform as a result of the CPDMweighting sequences and the mechanical speed or position of the movingwinding set of the PDF-HFT in relation to the stationary winding set ofthe PDF-HFT.

For one example, assume the following sequential weighting per stringoccurs in ten sequential frames is 1, 5, 7, 5, 1, −1, −5, −7, −5, and −1with the frame interval occurring every fixed 50 cycles of timing andwith no relative movement between the PDF-HFT windings. The weighting ofeach string would be referenced to the frame weight of 50 or 1/50, 5/50,7/50, 5/50, 1/50, − 1/50, − 5/50, − 7/50, − 5/50, and − 1/50. Further,assume the signal Q or the “Input Signal before AC Chopper” 1 b is a DCwaveform. The sequential frames represent the digitized weightingclosely resembling a low amplitude sinusoidal waveform or analogwaveform, which has a maximum amplitude weight of 5/50 or 1/10. Thesignal R or the “Primary Winding Signal after the AC Chopper” 2 brepresents the same weighting sequence of cycles and frames on bothsides of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) do to inductivecoupling. Assuming the same gating occurs for signal S or the “GatingSignals of the Secondary AC Choppers” 3 b, the demodulated result wouldbe similar to the signal T or the “Output Signal After AC Chopper” 4 bthat is a sinusoidal waveform with the combined discrete energy packetsbased on the weighting sequence just describe. With any means offiltering the combined discrete packets represented by the cross-hatchedarea 22 b (while referencing only string 20 b) would be smoothed out toa waveform represented by the dotted or solid AC or DC output waveform15 b as referenced to the zero voltage axes 16 b. Any movement of thePDF-HFT or any waveform of the signal Q or the “Input Signal before ACChopper” 1 b, other than DC, would be included.

Swapping the positive-packet-on-transition timing 9 b and thenegative-packet-on-transition timing 8 b (i.e.,positive-packet-on-transition would be 8 b andnegative-packet-on-transition would be 9 b) of the signal S or the“Gating Signals of the Secondary AC Choppers” 3 b by a half-cycle or 180degree offset shift in relation to the signal R or the “Primary WindingSignal After the AC Chopper” 2 b, the polarity of the “AC or DCwaveform” 5 b in relation to the zero voltage or current” 6 b would beinverted as shown by the dotted envelop 15 b of the signal T or the“Output Signal After AC Chopper” 4 b. FIG. 8 attempts to show aninstance of shifting the secondary string signal 21 b relative to theprimary string signal 20 b by a positive shift 19 b of one-half cycle or180 degrees with the hatched area 22 b showing the result of thedemodulation. Without the half-cycle offset shift of the carrier signal,the solid envelope 15 b shown for the signal T or the “Output Signalafter AC Chopper” 4 b would result. The primary side 2 b and secondaryside 3 b strings can be relatively shifted 19 b by any number ofpositive or negative half cycles during any Frame. Odd half-cycle shiftsresult in a combined inverted (or negative) weight and even half cycleshifts result in a combined non-inverted (or positive) weight.

New Synergistic Art of the CTOM and CPDM Combination: Compensated TimeOffset Modulation (CTOM) and Compensated Pulse Density Modulation (CPDM)operate by the timely gating of the synchronous modems in synchronousrelation to the negative and positive transition of the oscillatingmagnetic field on the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, which ispre-established by the MCG. Essentially, CTOM or CPDM open discrete butoverlapping windows on a timely basis for sharing the magnetic energybetween phase windings of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination(i.e., High Frequency Magnetic Energy Sharing or HFMES). It should beobvious to experts that CTOM and CPDM can be supported in anycombination.

CPDM, CTOM, or CPDM-CTOM Combination may require filtering components,such as capacitors, on both terminal sides (or low frequency sides) ofthe REG (or SEG) to bypass any high frequency components that are theresults of CPDM and CTOM techniques, such as when the transition timingof the choppers on each side of the PDF-HFT do not exactly overlap.Because of the high frequency of the carrier signals, any filteringcomponent would be of low impedance. In essence, the high frequencycomponents are confined to the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combinationand isolated from the low frequency electric apparatus.

CPDM, CTOM, or CPDM-CTOM Combination may synchronize the high frequencycarrier of each phase in accordance to a single phase AC system or to amultiphase AC system. For instance, the synchronous timing of the highfrequency carrier signals for all AC-Phases may coincide or thesynchronous timing of the high frequency carrier signals for eachAC-Phase may be without coincidence, such as by a phase offset time inaccordance with the desired high frequency multiphase system. In a 3phase high frequency system example, each phase of the high frequencycarrier would be offset by 120 degrees.

New Synergistic Art of High Frequency Magnetic Energy Sharing (HFMES):The high frequency carrier signals of magnetizing current from all thewinding phases store the switching energy in the magnetic field of thePDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination). This high frequencyoscillating magnetic energy (i.e., power) can be shared between allphase windings only of a PDF-HFT in any proportion as the result of CTOMor CPDM individually controlling (modulating) the current (or power)through the balanced phase windings. CTOM controls power by transitionedge timing and CPDM controls power by digitally weighting the number ofhalf cycles per frame. As a result of CTOM or CPDM, only a portion ofthe energy in the high frequency magnetic field would be allocated toany one phase as previously discussed with the remaining portion ofenergy available for allocation (or sharing) between the other phases asdesired. High Frequency Magnetic Energy Sharing (or HFMES) as was justdiscussed is different from inherently re-distributing or changing thehigh frequency magnetic flux by changing the magnetic path as a resultof movement. It should be understood that HFMES is specific to the highfrequency magnetic energy only in the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination) and mutually exclusive from the low frequency magneticenergy of any electric apparatus being controlled.

The following analysis demonstrates how CPDM or CTOM share magneticenergy between phases, which is referred to as High Frequency MagneticFlux Energy Sharing (or HFMES). FIG. 9 gives the vector representationof the “low frequency” modulation envelopes of the three phase (i.e.,3-Phase) signals on each side of the REG (or SEG) in an x-y coordinatereference system. PDF-HFT is interchangeable with PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination in this analysis. More appropriately, these signals couldalso be the vector representation of a snap-shot of the low frequencymodulation envelope amplitude by the high frequency carrier signals onany side of the PDF-HFT in the x-y coordinate reference. The signalscould represent AC phase voltages, AC phase currents, or oscillatingmagnetic energy as a result of the multiphase excitation. The threephase legs of the Reference Signal are Leg_1 1 c, Leg_2 2 c and Leg_3 3c, respectively, and could be considered the stator winding excitationsignals of the PDF-HFT by the stator synchronous modems. The three phaselegs of the Resulting Signal are Leg_1′ 4 c, Leg_2′ 5 c and Leg_3′ 6 c,respectively, and could be considered the signals from rotor windingterminals of the PDF-HFT. Since it is a three phase representation, eachleg of each AC phase is separated by 120 degrees or 2π/3 radians 7 c.Similarly, a six phase representation would have a 60 degree or n/3radians of separation between phase legs. The signals for each 3-Phasesystem rotate together at an angular frequency determined by the givenAC excitation frequency (i.e., 60.2n Radians per second @ 60 Hz). Notincluded in this figure, the rotation could include a mechanicalrotation, which is possible with the PDF-HFT. The low frequency andphase of the reference signals are W_(x)t+φ_(x) 8 c. The desiredfrequency and phase of the resulting signals are W_(y)t+φ_(y) 9 c. Thedifference between the reference and resulting signals is[(W_(x)t+φ_(x))±(W_(y)t+φ_(y))] 10 c. The energy stored in the magneticfield is the difference between the energy leaving the PDF-HFT (e.g.,leaving on the Resulting Signals) and the energy entering the PDF-HFT(e.g., entering on the Reference Signals). Assuming the signals arebalanced, the entire analysis will be a simple analysis of a single leg,Leg_1′. The sum of the components of each reference signal phase thathas right angle 11 c intersections to the phase leg of observation isthe desired resulting signals. The dotted reference 12 c is the negativeextrapolation of Leg_1′, which determines the resulting componentattributed to Leg_3 of the reference signal vectors.

The reference signals represented by the set of 3-Phase vectors passthrough a bi-directional modulator circuit, which are the synchronousmodems of the REG. By modulating and then demodulating the signals bythe modulation art specific to Real Time Emulation Control (or BrushlessMultiphase Self-Commutation Control), which is CTOM or CPDM orcombination, the synchronous modem circuit of the REG functions as avariable window into sharing the high frequency magnetic energy of anyof the reference or resulting phase signals. Automatically included ineach signal are amplitude components associated with the step-up,step-down, or neutral winding-turns ratio between the stator and rotorwinding sets (transformer ratio) of the PDF-HFT and the amplitudecomponents associated with the mechanical speed and phase componentaccording to the relative movement between the rotor and stator windingsets of the PDF-HFT.

The following gives a simple analysis of changing the frequency, W_(x),and phase, φ_(x), of the reference signals to a different frequency,W_(y), or phase, φ_(y), which considers the PDF-HFT to be stationary(such as at a potential standstill condition) and as a result, does notinclude any mechanical speed and phase component of a moving PDF-HFT.The symmetry of the REG synchronous modem circuits allow electronicmodulation or demodulation to occur on either side of the PDF-HFT of theREG.

By simple vector arithmetic and assuming the normalized amplitudes, eachleg of the three phases of the reference signals will be:

Leg_1 = Sin(W_(x )t + φ_(x 1));${{{Leg\_}2} = {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x\; 2} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}};$${{{Leg\_}3} = {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x\; 3} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}};$Where:

-   -   W_(x) Electrical Frequency;    -   φ_(x1), φ_(x2), φ_(x3) Angle of Electrical Frequency for each        phase with the difference between phase 1, 2, & 3 depicting        balanced or unbalanced phases.

The compensated modulation on each phase are:

Modulation for Leg_1:A Cos((W _(x) ±W _(y))t+φ _(x)±φ_(y1)),

Modulation for Leg_2:

${{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 2}} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )};$

Modulation for Leg_3:

${{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 3}} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )};$

Where:

-   -   W_(y) Electrical High Frequency of the desired waveform;    -   φ_(y1), φ_(y2), φ_(y3) Angle of Electrical Frequency of the        desired waveform for each phase with the difference between        phase 1, 2, & 3 depicts balanced or unbalanced phases;    -   A The adjustable (i.e., by modulation or magnetic amplification)        normalized amplitude (or multiplier), which can be a multiplier        value between 0 and A′, where A′ is the winding-turns ratio of        the PDF-HFT;    -   ±Direction of frequency (clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation        on polar coordinates).

Let ±(W_(y)t+φ_(y)) be the frequency and phase of the desired waveformwith the (±) indicating the direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise).

As the transition (such as a square wave) become faster (straighter),the relation is a Fourier series of harmonic components, which is aduplication of the proceeding relations for each term in the Fourierseries.

Then considering only balanced phases (i.e., (φ_(x1)=φ_(x2)=φ_(x3)) ofthe resulting signals for simplicity:

Leg_1′:

${{{Leg\_}1^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 1}}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}} + {{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 2}} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}} + {{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 3}} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}}};$

Leg_1′ relation can be further expanded:

${{Leg\_}1^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 1}}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x\;}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}} + {{A\lbrack {{{{Cos}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 2}}} )}{{Cos}( \frac{2\pi}{3} )}} - {{{Sin}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 2}}} )}{{Sin}( \frac{2\pi}{3} )}}} \rbrack} \times {\quad{\lbrack {{{{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}{{Cos}( \frac{2\pi}{3} )}} + {{{Cos}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}{{Sin}( \frac{2\pi}{3} )}}} \rbrack + {{A\lbrack {{{{Cos}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 3}}} )}{{Cos}( \frac{4\pi}{3} )}} - {{{Sin}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 3}}} )}{{Sin}( \frac{4\pi}{3} )}}} \rbrack} \times {\quad{\lbrack {{{{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}{{Cos}( \frac{4\pi}{3} )}} + {{{Cos}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}{{Sin}( \frac{4\pi}{3} )}}} \rbrack;}}}}}}}$

To simplify term expansion for a more obvious solution, consider a twophase system:

${{{Leg\_}1^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 1}}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}} + {{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 2}} + \frac{\pi}{2}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x} + \frac{\pi}{2}} )}}}};$Or:${{Leg\_}1^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 1}}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}} + {{A\lbrack {{{{Cos}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 2}}} )}{{Cos}( \frac{\pi}{2} )}} - {{{Sin}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 2}}} )}{{Sin}( \frac{\pi}{2} )}}} \rbrack} \times {\quad{\lbrack {{{{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}{{Cos}( \frac{\pi}{2} )}} + {{{Cos}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}{{Sin}( \frac{\pi}{2} )}}} \rbrack;{{{Or}\text{:}{Leg\_}1^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 1}}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}} - {{{A{Sin}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 2}}} )} \times {{Cos}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}}}};}}}}$

By letting (φ_(y1)=−φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with inverted choppers, onesolution is:Leg_(—)1′=A Cos((W _(x) ±W _(y))t+φ_(x)±φ_(y)−(W _(x) t+φ_(x)));

And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_1′ becomes:Leg_(—)1′=A Cos(±W _(y) t),

This fixed result for the resulting signals is purely a “real” componentand shows the desire waveform has been achieved by sharing the magneticenergy from the primary phase windings with a frequency W_(x) with anadditional frequency component of (W_(x)±W_(y)) by compensatedmodulation dynamics.

By letting (φ_(y1)=φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with non-inverted choppers,another solution is:Leg_(—)1′=A Cos((W _(x) ±W _(y))t+φ _(x)±φ_(y)+(W _(x) t+φ _(x)));

And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_1′ becomes:Leg_(—)1′=A Cos((2W _(x) ±W _(y))t),

This oscillating result is purely an “imaginary” component.

The same solutions for the resulting signals hold for two or morephases.

Leg_2′:

${{Leg\_}2^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 1}} - \frac{2\pi}{3}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}} + {{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 2}}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}} + {{{A{Cos}}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 3}} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}}$

By letting (φ_(y1)=−φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with inverted choppers, onesolution:

${{{Leg\_}2^{\prime}} = {A\;{{Cos}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y}} - ( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} ) + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}}};$

And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_2′ becomes:

${{{Leg\_}2^{\prime}} = {A\;{{Cos}( {{{\pm W_{y}}t} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}}};$

By letting (φ_(y1)=φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with non-inverted choppers,another solution is:

${{{Leg\_}2^{\prime}} = {A\;{{Cos}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y}} + ( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} ) + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}}};$

And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_2′ becomes:

${{{Leg\_}2^{\prime}} = {A\;{{Cos}( {{( {{2W_{x}} \pm W_{y}} )t} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}}};$Leg_3′:

${{Leg\_}3^{\prime}} = {{A\;{{Cos}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 1}} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} )}} + {A\;{{Cos}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 2}} - \frac{2\pi}{3}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} )}} + {A\;{{Cos}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y\; 3}}} )} \times {{Sin}( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}}$

By letting (φ_(y1)=−φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with inverted choppers, onesolution is:

${{{Leg\_}3^{\prime}} = {A\;{{Cos}( {{( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} )t} + {\varphi_{x} \pm \varphi_{y}} - ( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} ) + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}};$

And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_3′ becomes:

${{{Leg\_}3^{\prime}} = {A\;{{Cos}( {{{\pm W_{y}}t} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}};$

By letting (φ_(y1)=φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with non-inverted choppers,another solution is:

${{{Leg\_}3^{\prime}} = {A\;{{Cos}( {{( {W_{x} + W_{y}} )t} + \varphi_{x} + \varphi_{y} + ( {{W_{x}t} + \varphi_{x}} ) + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}};$

And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_3′ becomes:

${{{Leg\_}3^{\prime}} = {A\;{{Cos}( {{( {{2W_{x}} \pm W_{y}} )t} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} )}}};$

These solutions do not include the mechanical phase and speed component,which is attributed to the relative mechanical relationship between therotor and stator winding nor the amplification component do to thewinding-turns ratio.

In conclusion, with the proper modulation parameters, the signalSin(W_(x)+φ_(x)) can be electronically re-fabricated to ASin(W_(y)t+φ_(y)) by frequency, phase, or waveform shape, regardless ofany movement or position of the PDF-HFT shaft. More importantly, thepropagation of power through the REG (or SEG) can be re-fabricated fromone waveform to another waveform by sharing the high frequencyoscillating magnetic energy through any combination of the CTOM or CPDMtechniques of BMSCC (or RTEC) while remaining in any time or speedvariant reference frame. Further, once the parameters for the desiredwaveform are established, the Phase-Lock-Loop (PLL) mechanism or theelectromagnetic self-commutation of the PDF-HFT holds these parametersregardless of speed (i.e., even zero speed) or until new waveformparameters are desired and entered.

It should be understood that one component of “Waveform Re-fabrication”is using the MCG and any CTOM-CPDM combination to directly share the“high frequency magnetic energy” existing between balanced phasewindings in the core of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination whiletransferring power to the electric apparatus under control. Themodulation carrier gating (switching) is in synchronous relationship tothe oscillating high frequency magnetic energy. The high frequencymagnetic energy is energy in the core of the PDF-HFT that oscillates atthe same frequency as the gating of the magnetizing magneto-motive-forceprovided by the MCG. In contrast, the traditional modulation means of“Frequency Synthesis” for electric machine control, such as FOC, sharesthe “low frequency electromagnetic energy” in the core of the actualelectric machine entity under control and in the storage components ofthe modulator circuit (such as the DC Link Stage) by derivatives ofPulse Width Modulation, Phase Modulation, or Space Vector Modulation fortransferring power to the electric machine under control. Theelectromagnetic energy is effectively constant energy in relation to thehigh frequency modulation switching (or gating).

As used herein, adjustment, re-fabrication, and conditioning of thesignal waveforms are similar terms to describe the conversion operationon a waveform.

New Synergistic Art of Environmental Stress Immunity Means (ESIM): Sincethe shafts of the Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controller(BMSCC) with a moving configuration and the electric apparatus under thecontrol of BMSCC, such as the PGM, must be attached to the electricapparatus to convey operating speed and position, BMSCC and thecontrolled electric apparatus are closely coupled. As a result, BMSCC isthe only electric machine control art that compels the environmentallysensitive control and power electronic components and the electricalcomponents to be subjected to the same operating (or environmental)conditions as the electric apparatus under control, such as heat,mechanical stress, etc. In contrast, all other control technologies,such as FOC, impose no restriction on mounting the sensitive electronicand electrical equipment remotely from the operating conditionssubjected on the electric machine under control. Electronic componentsare active components, such as integrated circuits, powersemiconductors, etc. Electrical components are passive components, whichinclude all other components, such as capacitors, inductors, printedcircuit boards, the PDF-HFT, the PIF-HFT, moving and stationary bodywinding sets, etc. Years of proprietary research, development, andprototyping by Klatt, which cannot be obvious to electric machineexperts or engineers because there is no prior BMSCC art, made itapparent that incorporating environmental immunity means against heat,humidity, altitude, mechanical stress, etc. is crucial to thepracticality of BMSCC because of the integral proximity of BMSCC to theelectric apparatus being controlled. It follows that any art thatmitigates the environmental stress on the REG, the SEG, or the PGM isnew and useful improvement for BMSCC and is considered new synergisticinvention for BMSCC.

Heat is transferred (or dissipated) by convection (i.e., carried awayfrom the heat source by a moving fluid, or gas, etc.), conduction (i.e.,molecular agitation and energy absorption through a medium),vaporization (i.e., changing from one state to another), or radiation(i.e., electromagnetic waves or light). It follows that any of the heattransfer methods can be passive or active. A passive transfer of heat,such as using a copper bar to conduct the heat away from an electroniccircuit, uses no separate power source to move the heat away from theheat source. An active transfer of heat, such as a motorized fan to blowcool air over an electronic circuit or an acoustic means to move heat bywaves, uses a separate power source to move the heat away from the heatsource. Active transfer means rely on acoustics, fans, pumps,thermocouples, etc., and a cooling medium, such as cooling fluids,cooling gases, cooling mists, etc.

Environmental stress immunity means specific to Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Control (or Real Time Emulation Control) comprise atleast the following: 1) Incorporating any electronic and electricalcomponents with the composition, design, construction, or manufacturethat allows reliable operation above 49 degrees Celsius, which is theminimum operating temperature of the insulation of the windings of anyelectric apparatus complemented with BMSCC (or RTEC). This includesexotic electronic components, such as components based on siliconcarbide, gallium arsenide, etc. 2) Incorporating any potting or mountingof the electronic and electrical components to protect the electronicand electrical components from mechanical stress, such as shaftacceleration, or to improve heat dissipation 3) Incorporating anypassive or active form of heat immunity, such as (but not limited to)the use of ultrasound (such as that use in a humidifier) to mist afluid, such as oil, water, antifreeze, etc., for a cooling medium or topropagate heat acoustically, etc., or an active means, such as a fan,pump, or vacuum, to move the cooling medium across the heat sensitivecomponents, or thermocouples, or other heat conduction means, such asusing the actual winding conductor material to dissipate heat, or heatpipes 1) Incorporating slots, channels, sections, or seams into therotor or stator lamination stacks of the electric machine core for theflow of cooling medium. The slots, channels, sections, or seams could beintegrated with vanes, propellers, or means to force the flow of coolingmedium with the movement of the rotor.

New Synergistic Art of the CTOM-CPDM Modulation Start-Up Method:CTOM-CPDM Modulation Start-up Art is an integral component of CTOM-CPDMModulation peculiar to BMSCC. The CTOM-CPDM Modulation Startup follows.First, establish the “Initial Setup and Control of the MagnetizingCurrent” in the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) by the MCG inaccordance with the port voltages and the baseline design frequency ofthe PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination). If the MCG is integratedinto the synchronous modems, it is conceivable that only synchronousmodems (with an integrated MCG means) on one side of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) will be started, since parametricinformation has yet to be established for satisfactory calculation ofCTOM or CPDM modulation control. Further, this pre-establishedoscillating magnetic field may be the only means to supply power to anycontrol logic on the other side of the PDF-HFT (or combination). Second,begin the Basic Three Step Process Control Method (BTPCM) of RTEC (orBMSCC) that includes the gating of the synchronous modems on both sidesof the transformer after the parametric information has been capturedand calculated, which effectively establishes the “Power TransferControl” by CTOM, CPDM or combination.

BMSCC inspires its own complementary new art, which comprises: 1) BasicThree Step Process Control Method (BTPCM) art, 2) SimultaneousMechanical Control Process (SMAC) art, 3) Capture, Control, Command, andCommunication Processor (CCCC) art, 4) Speed Position Resolver (SPRM)art, 5) Synchronizing Means (SM) art, 6) Wireless Communication Means(WCM) art, and 7) Soft Switching Compensation (SSC) art.

New Complementary Art of the Basic Three Step Process Control Method(BTPCM): Real Time Emulation Control (RTEC) or Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Control (BMSCC) requires a simple three basic stepcontrol process, which is unlike the complex four basic step controlprocess of derivatives of FOC that must include its extraneous butdistinguishing process disruption steps of multiphase “speed-variant” to“speed-invariant” transformations and frequency synthesis withelectronic processing, which is very different from the electromagneticprocessing of BMSCC.

The Basic Three Step Process Control Method (BTPCM) follows. For ProcessControl Step One, measure the voltage, the current, the speed, theposition, the torque, or a combination of any derivative thereof as seenat the electrical and mechanical terminals of the electric machine. ForProcess Control Step Two, with the data acquired determine a response toachieve the desired or expected electrical or mechanical parameters,such as power factor, torque, or speed. For Process Control Step Three,adjust or re-fabricate the shape of the waveform of the “modulationenvelop” to achieve the desired results by the modulation techniques ofCTOM or CPDM that are peculiar to RTEC (or BMSCC). Other parametersdetermined by either measurement or calculation for more complex controlwould still be a derivative of the basic three step process. Understandthat BTPCM is for optimizing the performance of the electric machinebeing controlled (i.e., the PGM) and to control the distinguishingfeature of RTEC (or BMSCC), which is inherent self commutation with anyinput frequency of excitation that will continually accelerate the PGMwithout the Basic Three Step Control measures.

It should be understood that the manual three step process does notinclude the manual time (or speed) variant to time (or speed) invarianttransformation process associated or required with other means ofcontrol. Therefore, the Basic Three Step Process Control Method is basicand may comprise other sub-steps but not the processing intensive timevariant to time invariant transformation process.

New Complementary Art of Simultaneous Mechanical Adjustment Control(SMAC): Another control method, which is peculiar to RTEC or BMSCC, isthe ability to mechanically move the relative position (i.e., phaseangle) between the stationary body of the REG (or SEG) and a stationaryreference to the electric machine being controlled, such as the PGMstationary body, while simultaneously operating under RTEC or BMSCC.Simultaneous Mechanical Adjustment Control (or SMAC), whilesimultaneously operating under RTEC or BMSCC, allows adjustment ofparameters, such as the Power Factor (PF), of any electric apparatuscontrolled by RTEC or BMSCC, while operating with a given torque orvoltage level. This manual adjustment technique could be automatic byincorporating other means, such as an electromechanical servo systemthat mechanically adjusts the phase angle automatically or on command.Another art for SMAC is to pre-adjust the PF (such as unity PF) orTorque Angle at the origin of manufacture or onsite for a specific ordefault base torque, current, voltage, or power level of the electricmachine.

New Complementary Art of Capture, Control, Command, and CommunicationProcessor (CCCC): Although the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination)naturally performs the intensive electromagnetic processing in real timeby inherent means (i.e., Real Time Emulation Control or BrushlessMultiphase Self-Commutation Control), less intensive processingoperations, such as Capture, Control, Command, and Communication (orCCCC) processing, among other derivatives of CCCC processing, are stillrequired for satisfactory operation of RTEC or BMSCC. Capture could bemeasuring the signal conditions, such as the synchronous timing betweenthe synchronous modems, which is a unique requirement of RTEC or BMSCC,or the voltages and current levels. Control could be algorithms,calculations, or adjustments, such as “adjusting” the modulation (orgating) of the synchronous modems to meet a “calculated” parameterrequirement determined from a captured measurement. Command could beuser desired entry, such as “set speed to” from a keyboard.Communication could be relaying any information from the moving body tothe stationary body or retrieving a command from a user friendlyinterface, such as a remote keyboard. As a result, any combination ofDigital or Analog electronic processors may be placed on the secondaryside, the primary side, or both sides for performing CCCC operations.The digital or analog electronic processing could be soft programmed,such as by an arrangement of stored electronic instructions,hard-programmed, such as any wired arrangement of amplifiers, digitalswitching gates, integrated circuits, etc., or soft-wired, such as withField Programmable Devices. Obviously, the intensity of the desired CCCCoperations dictates the processing power required and is a naturalrequirement for any electric machine controller but in direct contrastto any derivative of FOC, the CCCC operations of BMSCC (or RTEC) do notinclude any comparably intensive processing operations, such as speedvariant to speed invariant transformations and frequency synthesis.

New Complementary Art Speed-Position Resolver Means (SPRM): The PDF-HFTchanges the output waveform to a speed-synchronized waveform naturallyand without delay in accordance to the relative speed and positionbetween the rotor and stator winding sets because the PDF-HFT isbasically a Multiphase Electromagnetic Self-Commutator or MultiphaseElectromagnetic Computer. Therefore, the speed and absolute position ofthe shaft can be determined by incorporating any means to compare anyprimary to any secondary waveform (or visa versa) of the PDF-HFT or theoutput of the REG or SEG. As a result, the PDF-HFT, the REG system, orthe SEG system is an inherent speed-position resolver means ortransducer (SPRM), which is an important parameter for the Basic ThreeStep Process Control Method (BTPCM) of RTEC (or BMSCC).

New Complimentary Art of Synchronizing Means (SM): Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Control (BMSCC) or Real Time Emulation Control (RTEC)and in particular, the modulation techniques of CTOM, CPDM, orcombination thereof stipulate the synchronous modems on each side of theair gap of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) be synchronizedto the carrier frequency, which is pre-established by the MagneticCurrent Generator (MCG). RTEC (or BMSCC) Synchronizing Means (SM) useeither a Wireless Communication Means (WCM), such as using an optical orRadio Frequency (RF) medium (with antenna), Circular Transformer meansfor a pure communication data medium (with or without an RF modulation),or a Phase Lock Loop (PLL) means to establish the synchronizing clock,which the power gating is referenced. For instance, a PLL (on eitherside of the rotor or stator side or on both sides) means containingcircuitry or software control that would monitor the difference betweentransitions of the carrier power signal by means of a phase detector,produces a synchronized reference frequency that coincides with thePDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) oscillating magnetic field. Inanother example, the communication means broadcasts a synchronizingframing signal or information packet that allows the CCCC means tore-synchronize.

The synchronous means coincides with a measurable derivative of the highfrequency oscillating magnetic field pre-established in the air gap ofthe PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination by the MCG.

As used herein, a “measurable derivative” refers to any signal, which isa result of the oscillating magnetic field that gives a similarreference signal waveform and is measureable by means of a sensor. Thisincludes voltages across the phase winding, currents in the phasewindings, etc., which can also relate to signal transitions, signalhalf-cycles, and signal cycles.

New Complimentary Art of Wireless Communication Means (WCM): A WirelessCommunication Means (WCM) could propagate parametric information, logicpower, or synchronization means between both sides of the PDF-HFT orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination. It should be obvious that many circuit andsoftware means can implement the WCM. For instance, the PDF-HFT, thePIF-HFT, or the combination may include another winding set on theprimary and secondary side of the transformer with a mutual air gap areathat are specifically for a wireless means of propagating logic power ora low level signal for communication.

New Complementary Art Soft Switching Compensation Means (SCC): CTOM,CPDM or combination thereof are established by the timely synchronousgating of the negative-packet-on-transition andpositive-packet-on-transition of the bi-directional power switches(i.e., gates) of the synchronous modems. Gating would best occur at thezero level crossing of the current or voltage of the high frequencycarrier signal. Gating the negative and position transitions at the zerolevel (or crossing) of the voltage or current is referred to as softswitching because it minimizes electrical stress on electrical andelectronic components since the switching occurs at the lowest powerlevel. Further, Soft Switching (i.e., Resonant Switching) improves theefficiency and switching speed of the circuit because it effectivelyutilizes the intrinsic impedance of the electrical circuit to itsadvantage.

The zero crossing of voltage or current “inherently” occurs in BMSCC (orRTEC) because the power signals must be unbiased (i.e., bipolartransitions without DC bias) for efficient electrical power propagationacross the air gap of the PDF-HFT by high frequency induction. However,electronic switches (i.e., power semiconductors) of a power circuittogether with the gate driving circuit show a finite delay time betweenthe turn-on and turn-off command action and the actual turn-on orturn-off of the switch. Further, delay times change with temperature andcircuit component anomalies and as a result, the actual turn-on andturn-off are not entirely deterministic at a given time or for a givencircuit condition. Unfortunately, any deviation from the exact switchturn-on or turn-off at the zero crossing shows the negative effects ofhard switching, which is the indiscriminate turn-on or turn-offswitching while disregarding the potentially high level of current orvoltage across the gate of the power switch at the time of theswitching.

BMSCC (or RTEC) may use any means to soft switch as near to the exactzero crossings as possible by compensating for indeterminate delays. Onecircuit means averages out delay times over repeated measurementiterations of gate turn-on (and turn-off) actions. As used herein, thismethod will be referred to as Iterative Averaging. The circuit measuresthe “time period”, t₁, between the start of the “gate transitioncommand” time, which is the time the control circuit commands a turn-onor turn-off action to occur, and the power “switch transition sense” orwhen the resulting transition of the power semiconductor or power signalis actually sensed (by a sensing circuit) to have occurred. The sensecircuit can detect a “before zero crossing” or an “after zero crossing”and may detect any parameter that gives the level of switching energy todetermine the proximity to the zero crossing. If the actual power switchturn-on (or turn-off) transition occurs before (or after) the “inherent”zero crossing of the steady-state oscillation, a faster transitionthrough the zero crossing than the expected steady state dv/dt of theinherent signal transition (or hard switch) will occur, which can bemeasured. The “level” of the switch transition sense determines theproximity of the actual switched transition to the inherent zerocrossing and the “polarity” of the switch transition sense determines onwhich side of the zero crossing the transition occurred. Both level andpolarity can be measured, which gives an indication of how far from theexpected zero crossing and on what side of the expected zero crossingdid the actual power switching occur. This “time period”, t₁, will beadjusted (according to the level detected) and added or subtracted(according to the polarity detected) from the next gate transitioncommand. The next iteration measures the “time period”, t₂, between thestart of the “gate transition command” and the “switch transition sense”and accordingly adds or subtracts the next “time period”, t₂, from theprevious transition gating time, t₁. Over time, intrinsic componenttime, t_(N), any delays associated with sense circuit delays,temperature, and other circuit anomalies are average out and will beconstantly readjusted as dynamic changes take place. It should beunderstood that “level” is a relative term, referring to power, voltage,current, etc.

Assume a 10 kHz oscillating excitation is occurring in the BMSCC. As aresult, a positive-on-transition will occur every 100 microseconds andthe power switching clock (synchronizing clock, S_(clock)) would tickevery 100 microseconds (the negative-on-transition has been neglectedfor simplicity but compensation follows the same analogy). As anexample, assume t₁ was measured to be 1 microsecond from the time the“on-gate transition command” was issued and the actual power switchturned-on is sensed, “switch transition sense”. Further, the powerswitched (or turned-on) after the inherent signal zero crossing asindicated by the “polarity” of the switched transition sense. Therefore,the next “on-gate transition command” should occur 1 microsecond beforethe expected time to command an actual turn-on of the power switch atthe zero crossing of the inherent oscillating signal, which is(S_(clock)−t₁). At the next gate turn-on command, t₂ was measured to be0.1 microsecond and the polarity was measured to be before the inherentsignal zero crossing. Therefore, the next on-gate command would occur0.9 microseconds before the expected time to command an actual turn-onof the power switch, which is (S_(clock)−t₁+t₂). This process goes oninfinitum or until the gating is terminated.

The sensing for the actual switch on and off transitions will occur wellwithin a half-cycle period of the carrier signal or within the nexttransition time (100/2 microsecond for this example). If no finitevoltage or current transition is sensed within this period, the “timeperiod” will be zero (and could be discarded), since it is assume, theactual power semiconductor transition occurred very close, if notcoincidentally, to the zero crossing of the expected carrier signaltransition. It should be understood, that this prediction algorithm orSoft Switching Compensation (SSC) is peculiar to the new art of RTEC (orBMSCC) and the modulation techniques of BMSCC, which is MCG with anycombination of CTOM or CPDM.

New Dependent Inventions that were discovered during the research,development, and prototyping of RTEC or BMSCC, which depend on RTEC orBMSCC, are any Singly-Fed or Doubly-Fed Electric Machine System thatuses RTEC or BMSCC, Variable Speed Constant Frequency (or VSCF) WindTurbine (or any Prime Mover such as Renewable Energy) that uses RTEC orBMSCC, any Electric Vehicle (EV) Power Train with RTEC or BMSCC, andStationary or Rotary Phase or Frequency Converter, or Pole-Pair EmulatorConverters based on BMSCC. Any Singly-Fed or Doubly-Fed Electric Machinethat uses RTEC (or BMSCC) would include electric generators, electricmotors, superconductor electric machines, rotary converters, Pole-PairEmulator, etc., that use RTEC (or BMSCC) technology.

New Dependent Invention of Any Electric Machines: By employing eitherSEG or REG means, any doubly-fed or singly-fed electric machine can becontrolled by BMSCC, including Asynchronous, Synchronous, or Reluctanceelectric machines. Further, any configuration can be supported such aslinear form-factor, rotating form-factor, axial flux form-factor, radialflux form-factor, or transverse flux form-factor. The phase windingsfrom one side of the BMSCC (i.e., the secondary side) would connectphase-to-phase to the phase windings of the electric machine beingcontrolled, while the other side of the BMSCC (i.e., the primary side)would connect phase-to-phase to the phase legs of the electrical powergrid. The BMSCC can be used to excite the multiphase wound-rotor activewinding set (i.e., rotor active winding set) of a Wound-Rotor Doubly-FedElectric Machine with the REG configuration. In the Wound-RotorDoubly-Fed Electric Machine configuration, the BMSCC can be connected inparallel, which is the classical method, or in series with the phasewindings of the PGM for an advanced brushless wound-rotor synchronousdoubly-fed electric machine system.

In addition, another BMSCC with the SEG configuration may simultaneouslyexcite the stationary multiphase active winding set (i.e., stator activewinding set) of a Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Electric Machine. With the SEGconfiguration, the BMSCC can be used to excite the stationary multiphaseactive winding set (i.e., stator active winding set) of any singly-fedelectric machine, if the singly-fed electric machine places the passivewinding set or the permanent magnet assembly on the rotor, such as theclassical squirrel cage induction machine. With the REG configuration,the BMSCC can be used to excite the rotor multiphase active winding set,if the singly-fed electric machine places the passive winding set or thepermanent magnet assembly on the stator. Similarly, using the mostadvanced techniques for the PGM entity, the most state-of-art electricmachine that includes BMSCC is realized. For instance, an electricmachine that uses BMSCC, where the moving windings are embedded in acylindrical or disk of thin composite material for low inertia, would beanother essence of this invention. The BMSCC controlled electric machinecan be put in a modular pancake configuration (i.e., axial flux) andstacked for more and more power, while perhaps leaving a space betweeneach module for cooling means. Because BMSCC means is unknown toelectric machine experts or engineers, any electric machine that usesBMSCC means, which may include up-to-date or new science design,construction, winding form-factor or manufacture techniques, becomes newart or invention to any Singly-Fed or Doubly-Fed Electric Machine Systemwith BMSCC or RTEC, which could include exotic bearings, such asmagnetic bearings, air bearing, etc., or any combination of efficient orexotic materials, such as low loss magnetic materials fromnanotechnology or amorphous metals, ribbons, powdered metals,laminations, etc., or exotic low loss conduction materials. Furthermore,the exceptional and symmetric control of BMSCC could more easilycomplement the rotor assembly with magnetic levitation or bearings.

New Dependent Invention of Superconductor Electric Machines Art:Superconductor Electric Machines are synchronous electric machines witha superconductor field-winding (or wound-field). The superconductorfield-winding is a DC electromagnet (i.e., wound-field) that can achieveextremely high air gap Flux Density or extremely high magnetizingcurrents (or MMF) without resulting electrical loss. SuperconductorElectric Machines have numerous daunting problems, which are easilysolved with RTEC (or BMSCC). Presently, Superconductor Electric machinesmust incorporate conventional electronic control, such as FOC, forpractical operation. Do to the modulation techniques placed on theactive winding set by conventional electronic control, frequencyharmonics are imposed on the superconductor field-winding that quenchthe magnetic field and greatly compromise the superconductor. Further,the superconductor field-winding must be placed on the rotor, whichgreatly complicates the logistics of the cryogenic fluid support of thesuperconductor field-winding. RTEC (or BMSCC) does not intentionallydrive the active winding set with high frequency modulation, whichgreatly reduces harmonics and superconductor quenching, and only BMSCC“brushlessly” relocates the multiphase active winding set to the rotorside while simultaneously relocating the superconducting field-windingto the stator side for simplified logistical support of thefield-winding cryogenics.

It should be understood, that a superconductor winding is basically a DCelectromagnet or field winding and the superconductor electric machineis considered a field wound synchronous electric machine. Replacing thefield winding of any field wound synchronous electric machine with apermanent magnet realizes a permanent magnet synchronous machine, whichis a viable configuration for the BMSCC for reasons discussed.

New Dependent Invention of Magnetic Bearing Art: Because of theextraordinary and symmetrical control offered by BMSCC and its abilityto adjust air gap magnetic fluxes of the PGM entity via aphase-lock-loop approach, magnetic bearings can be easily realized.

New Dependent Invention of Rotary or Stationary Phase or FrequencyConverter Invention: Traditionally, a Rotary Phase Converter is anelectric machine that converts an alternating current (AC) electricalsignal from one phase to another phase (i.e., from single phase AC tothree phase AC) as its principle purpose. Similarly, a Rotary FrequencyConverter is an electric machine that converts an electrical signal fromone frequency to another frequency (i.e., DC to 5 Hz) with rotation ofthe Rotary Converter precipitating the phase or frequency conversion.Electro-mechanical conversion may occur but is not a principle result ofa Rotary Converter. Rotation could be forced by an external electricmachine driving the shaft or could use the intrinsic torque of theRotary Converter, itself. The traditional Rotary Converter consists of aconventional electric machine, such as an induction (or asynchronous)electric machine or a synchronous electric machine with complementarycomponents.

The BMSCC (or RTEC) is a compact, lightweight, efficient Stationary orRotary Frequency or Phase Converter because of its high frequency ofoperation. The Rotary or Stationary Frequency Converter follows theSynchronous Speed Relation:

$\begin{matrix}{{fm} = \frac{{\pm {fs}} \pm {fr}}{P\;}} & \;\end{matrix}$

The frequency of the waveform at the primary terminals of the BMSCC canbe converted to another frequency at the secondary terminals by sharingthe energy of the oscillating magnetic field, fr, in the core of thePDF-HFT by any combination of CPDM or CTOM or by rotating (or moving)the shaft, fm, in accordance with the Synchronous Speed Relation. Whileadjusting only, fm, the BMSCC is a Rotary Frequency Converter becausethe conversion is done with rotation. In addition, any contrivedrotation could also be a means to drive a cooling fan to activelydissipate heat from the system. While adjusting only, fr, the BMSCC is aStationary Frequency Converter because the conversion is done withfrequency re-fabrication by sharing the magnetic energy between phasewindings of the PDF-HFT by any combination of CPDM or CTOM with no needfor rotation.

As a Stationary or Rotary Phase Converter, the BMSCC can convert a givennumber of phases on the primary side to another number of phases on thesecondary side, while satisfying the Synchronous Speed Relation even atstandstill by sharing the energy of the oscillating magnetic field inthe core of the PDF-HFT by any combination of CPDM or CTOM, as wasdiscussed.

For instance, supplying the Reference Phase windings 1 c, 2 c, 3 c ofFIG. 9 with the proper polarity and magnitude of DC, the signals of theReference Phase windings would be stationary vectors in time space orfs=0 (see Synchronous Speed Relation). If the rotation speed, fm, was 5Hz, the Resulting Phase Winding Signals 4 c, 5 c, 6 c would be 3-Phase,5 Hz AC. The combinational result is a Rotary Phase Converter, whichconverts a single phase waveform (i.e., DC in this case) to a 3-Phase 5Hz AC waveform. Similarly, if the rotation speed fm=0 (or no rotation),and the frequency, fs, and phase exciting the Reference Phase windings 1c, 2 c, 3 c were electronically converted to a 3 Phase 5 Hz waveform bysharing the high frequency oscillating magnetic energy in the PDF-HFT byany combination of CTOM or CPDM, the Resulting Phase Winding Signals 4c, 5 c, 6 c would be 3-Phase, 5 Hz AC, as well. In both cases, theResulting Phase Winding Signals would be additionally modified with thefrequency or phase of any difference of movement of the shaft. Withthese two examples presented, applying any mechanical speed or phase tothe shaft, fm, or supplying any electrical frequency or phase, fr or fs,by sharing the high frequency oscillating magnetic energy of the PDF-HFTbetween winding sets by any combination of CTOM or CPDM would fabricatethe results to virtually any waveforms. Further, this exampledemonstrates each of three phase windings being fed with DC (or Singleor multiple Phase AC) with the correct polarity and phase; however,other phase winding arrangements with the correct winding-turns ratioand combinational CTOM-CPDM conditioning as calculated by trigonometrymay be a simpler alternative depending on the overall designcircumstances. The example shows the DC input is electronicallyre-fabricated to 5 Hz by any combination of CTOM and CPDM, which is areasonable slip frequency for Induction Electric Machine operation as anexample. Of course, any slip frequency could have been produced.According to the Synchronous Speed Relation, 5 Hz slip frequency (andphase) is locked regardless of any change in speed of the shaft. Whilethis describes an example of re-fabricating DC to 5 Hz AC, it should beunderstood that the frequency can be other than 5 Hz.

Incorporating a Stationary (or Static) Excitation Generator (or SEG),the Rotary BMSCC Phase or Frequency Converter transfers the conversionfrom stationary-side to stationary-side (or vice-versa) without brushesor slip-rings or to another speed that is different than the movementspeed of the SEG shaft. Incorporating a Rotor Excitation Generator (orREG), the BMSCC Phase or Frequency Converter transfers the conversionfrom stationary-side to moving-side (or vice-versa). Incorporatingeither a REG or SEG while locking the shaft from movement, the BMSCCtransfers the conversion from stationary-side to stationary-side (orvice-versa) with no speed or position component induced on the waveform;therefore, the frequency or phase waveform conversion would be strictlythe result of sharing the energy in the high frequency oscillatingmagnetic field by any combination of CTOM or CPDM.

With a supplemental means of storage, such as a flywheel, a battery, asuper-capacitor, another electric machine entity, or another electricmachine with high inertia, etc., the stationary or rotary phase orfrequency converter based on BMSCC is an Uninterruptible Power Supply(UPS).

With the previous examples, it should now be evident that the REG or SEGwith the new art of BMSCC can control any type (i.e., Asynchronous,Synchronous, or Reluctance) or category (i.e., Singly-Fed or Doubly-Fed)of electric machine with controllable electromagnetic self-commutationand with power sources of any number of AC-Phases (including DC) or anyfrequency. The conversion example just discussed, which converts singlephase DC to 5 Hz 3-Phase AC is an example of a BMSCC controller drivingthe stationary active winding set of an off-the-shelf Induction (orAsynchronous) Electric Machine, where the shafts of the BMSCC and theInduction Electric Machine are attached and move at the same speed tophase-locked the slip frequency to one example frequency of 5 Hz,regardless of the speed of the shafts. Essentially, this is an exampleof “True” Self-Commutated DC Electric Machine, although the actualelectric machine entity is an induction electric machine.

New Dependent Invention of Pole-Pair Emulator: Because the REG (or SEG)with BMSCC (or RTEC) is a rotary frequency converter means, any electricmachine mated with BMSCC can emulate an electric machine with a givennumber of pole-pairs. As shown by the synchronous speed relation, thespeed of the shaft of the electric machine is dependent on the frequencyof excitation and the number of magnetic pole pairs distributed aboutits air gap area. By rotating (or moving) the shaft of the REG (or SEG)proportionally to the rotating (or moving) shaft of the PGM (or theelectric machine to be controlled), the fractional number ofmagnetic-poles emulated would be in accordance to the proportional speedratio between the REG (or SEG) shaft and the PGM shaft. As an example,if a means was incorporated, such as a transmission of gears, chains, orbelts or separately with another adjustable speed motor, Synchro-Pair(or Servo-Pairs), or changing ratio transmission combination for movingthe speed of the PDF-HFT rotating (or moving) body at a contrived speed,which is twice the speed as the body of the PGM for this example, thespeed range of the PGM would be reduced by one-half or would appear tooperate like an electric machine with twice as many magnetic pole-pairs.The more common method would attach the PGM and REG bodies (or shafts)directly to rotate at the same speed, which would be a magneticpole-pair emulation of one-to-one.

It should now be evident that Pole-Pair Emulation can be any fractionalor integral ratios, including a variable ratio by rotating (or moving)the shaft at an adjustable speed by any means, such as an adjustablespeed drive (or another electric machine driving the REG or SEG shaft)or Synchro-Pair. Since a Synchro-Pair is a rotary (or moving) electricaltransformer that forces the same movement applied to any shaft of anySynchro of the pair onto the other Synchro of the pair, the REG or SEGas the Pole-Pair Emulator could be mounted remotely from the electricapparatus under BMSCC control with variable pole-pair emulation.

With pole-pair emulation, the synchronous speed relation with pole pairemulation becomes:

${{fm}\frac{{\pm {fs}} \pm {fr}}{P*\frac{V_{HFRT}}{V_{PGM}}}}\mspace{11mu}$

Where:

-   -   fs Is the electrical frequency of the AC excitation on the        stator (or primary) winding set (i.e., 60 Hz) and is related to        the speed of the magnetic field in the air-gap;    -   fr Is the electrical frequency of the AC excitation on the rotor        (or secondary) winding set, which is virtually zero for        Singly-Fed or Permanent Magnet Electric Machines;    -   fm Is the mechanical speed (revolutions per second) of the        rotor;    -   P Is the number of magnetic “pole-pairs”;    -   V_(PDF-HFT) Is the velocity of the PDF-HFT in relation to the        velocity of the PGM (V_(PGM));    -   V_(PGM) Is the velocity of the PGM in relation to the velocity        of the PDF-HFT (V_(PDF-HFT));

New Independent Inventions discovered during the research, development,and prototyping of RTEC or BMSCC are any EV power train with HighFrequency Power Distribution Means (HFPDM), which may or may not includeBMSCC (or RTEC), Dual Electric Machines Power Assistive Steering(DEMPSA) for an EV, which may or may not include BMSCC, any VSCF WindTurbine with the Enhanced Transmission Means (or E™), which may or maynot include BMSCC, and a High Frequency Distribution Bus with BMSCC.

New Independent Invention of VSCF Wind and Renewable Energy: AlthoughElectric Machines perform their choirs virtually unnoticed, ElectricMachines are the backbone of the electricity infrastructure and arevirtually everywhere. Electric Machines will generate electricity fordistribution only when mechanically driven by a fixed or variable speedprime mover, which has always been defined as an energy source, such aswind, tidal, wave, steam, fuel, engine, motor, etc. Similarly, ElectricMachines will produce mechanical power when excited with electricity.Without supplying electricity or mechanical power, electric machineshave no applicable purpose.

As used herein, prime mover is used in the classic sense, which is aninitial agent that puts a machine in motion. It is considered the energysource. A prime mover needs a mechanical converter, such as an electricmotor, a propeller, an engine, etc., to put the prime mover, such aselectricity, wind, hydraulics (i.e., tidal, wave, etc.) fossil fuels,etc., to work

RTEC or BMSCC contributes new controller art to all applicationsrequiring an electric machine driven by fixed or variable speed primemovers to generate electricity. Several applications are particularlyreceptive to BMSCC considering today's renewed sensitivity to energy.One such application is converting the energy from a variable speedwindmill (or wind turbine) to the fixed frequency AC electrical utilityby BMSCC, which does not incorporate any derivative of Field OrientedControl (FOC) or field-windings. This same application can be equallyapplied to any prime mover, such as wind energy, wave energy, tidalenergy, etc.

Wind, Tidal, and Wave energy are prime movers that are variable innature. These prime movers can power an electric generator that supplieselectricity to a fixed frequency electric distribution system. Thismakes a Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) Electric Machine withBrushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Control (BMSCC) or Real TimeEmulation Control (RTEC) an attractive alternative for generatingelectricity from renewable prime movers; in particular, from wind (usingwind turbines).

All wind turbines (i.e., windmills) are composed of multiple components.The major components are the tower, the turbine or propeller blades, thepropeller wind capture control and motor mechanism for pitch, yawl,braking, etc., the transmission to convert the low speed propeller shaftto a high speed most compatible with the electric machine generator, andthe electric machine for converting the variable mechanical power fromthe prime mover to fixed frequency electricity. Variable Speed ConstantFrequency (VSCF) wind conversion is the best means for converting windenergy to electrical energy, because it imposes the least stress on themechanical components and it captures wind energy over a broader rangeof wind variation.

A VSCF Electric Machine with Brushless Multiphase Self-CommutationControl (BMSCC) or Real Time Emulation Control (RTEC) offers a leap inperformance and benefits over present technology, such as derivatives ofFlux Oriented Control (FOC) VSCF Electric Machines, for the followingreasons: 1) Wound-Rotor Doubly-fed electric machine with BMSCC (or RTEC)makes the wound-rotor an active winding set and as a result, does notutilize a wound “field” or field winding; 2) BMSCC (or RTEC) performsnatural AC-to-speed-synchronized-variable-AC conversion (i.e.,self-commutation) without a DC (low frequency) link stage and without aspeed-variant to speed-invariant translation and frequency synthesisprocess by electronic processing, which distinguish BMSCC fromderivatives of FOC; 3) BMSCC (or RTEC) is brushless; 4) BMSCC (or RTEC)is ideal for controlling PF correction and torque control under variablespeed conditions; and 5) BMSCC (or RTEC) is compatible with any type orcategory of electric machine, such as the Brushless Wound-Rotor[Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machine, which has additionalattributes, such as low cost electronics and high efficiency.

Wind Turbines are finding ocean based installations more common for manyreasons. Ocean based wind turbines require more durable generators, suchas brushless generators incorporating BMSCC. Another advantage of BMSCCis a huge ionic source (the salt brine water of an ocean) for energystorage in the form a salt water chemical battery.

It should now become apparent that any VSCF Wind (or any RenewableEnergy Prime Mover) Turbine with “Brushless Multiphase Self-CommutationControl” or BMSCC (or RTEC), such as the Brushless Wound-Rotor[Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machine, is virtually unknown toelectric machine experts or engineers and is very different from allother electric machine technology, including the previous patentedtechnology of this inventor. It should also be understood, that a windturbine (or any renewable energy prime mover energy converter) requiresother important considerations or basic components, such as brake, yawland pitch control, a tower or other structure, etc., for practicaloperation and should be included in this invention.

New Independent Invention of Enhanced Transmission Means (ETM): Anotherimportant ingredient to wind generation is the transmission to increasethe rotational speed of a slow turning windmill (i.e., <100 rpm) to arotational speed that is more compatible with electric machines(i.e., >900 rpm), such as BMSCC (or RTEC) electric machines, andtransferring the tremendous power to the electric machine generator.Reducing the weight and cost of the transmission, while increasing itsreliability, are a constant goal. This invention considers an internalgear (or stages of internal gears) with a large ring gear drivingsmaller pinion gears, which in turn may drive additional stages oftransmissions for additional torque ratio change, which in turn driveone or more BMSCC (or RTEC) Electric Machines, as an embodiment of ETM.In addition, this invention considers a flexible torque belt (i.e.,timing belt, belts, cables, chain, etc.) or Flexible Transmission Means,which includes a large pulley driving smaller pulleys, which in turn maydrive additional stages of transmissions for additional torque ratiochange, which in turn drive one or more Electric Machines of any type,as an embodiment of ETM. Further, this invention considers a directdrive (i.e., without transmission) to a single BMSCC (or RTEC) ElectricMachine with the possibility of Pole-Pair Emulation, large pole count,or transverse flux configuration as an embodiment of ETM. The EnhanceTransmission Means driving electric machines, including BMSCC electricmachines, should be useful for other energy converting devise as well.

As used herein, a pulley is a device in a flexible belt transmissionsystem for transferring motion power. For instance, a timing belt pulleyhas striations on the race face and perpendicular to its race, whichmates to the timing belt and provides a locking mechanism for theflexible belt, such as found between a chain and sprocket. As usedherein, a timing belt pulley is tantamount to a pulley. In the classicsense, a pulley incorporates a channel for the race that providesfriction to a belt.

FIG. 12 shows one embodiment of a transmission mated to at least oneElectric Machine System, (preferably a BMSCC (or RTEC) Electric MachineSystem) employed in a VSCF Wind Turbine. This embodiment employsFriction Belts, Timing Belts, Chains, Cables, or similar FlexibleTransmission Means (FTM) if for propagating rotational power from theshaft 2 f of the Wind Turbine Propeller to one or more Electric Machines3 f (preferably BMSCC Electric Machines). Although FIG. 12 shows fourElectric Machines, one or any number of Electric Machines could beincorporated to distribute the stress over multiple units. The combinedrated power of each Electric Machine is the total power expected fromthe Wind Turbine shaft 2 f. Transmission of power is through anarrangement of Pulleys. Since the principle is to increase the speed ofthe Wind Turbine shaft 2 f to a compatible speed for the ElectricMachine 3 f shaft pulley, a Large Pulley 5 f is attached to the windturbine shaft and a Small Pulley 6 f is attached to the ElectricMachine(s). The Flexible Transmission Means follows the circumferencespeed of the Large Pulley 5 f and propagates that speed to thecircumference speed of the Small Pulleys 6 f. The ratio between thecircumference of the Large Pulley 5 f, which is attached to the shaft ofthe Wind Turbine Propeller, and the Small Pulley 6 f, which is attachedto the shaft of the Electric Machine, determines the rotational speedincrease. Since power is the product of torque and speed, the torquewill equally decrease with an increase of speed (or vice-versa). Therevolutions-per-minute (RPM) ratio increase is equal to the diameter oflarge pulley divided by diameter of small pulley. The torque ratiodecreases and is the inverse of the speed ratio increase. The IdlerWheels 4 f guide the flexible transmission means if about the Pulleys 5f & 6 f by applying proper tension on the flexible transmission means orby providing a low loss mechanical channel to the Flexible TransmissionMeans. FIG. 12 shows one arrangement of Idler Wheels but the number andarrangement of Idler Wheels is dependent on the configurationrequirements. The rotation direction of the Wind Mill shaft 10 f wouldpropagate the force 11 f onto the Flexible Transmission Means (FTM).

Two other arrangements of flexible transmission, which would substitutethe view 7 f (or similar view) with view 9 f or 8 f. View 9 f shows theFlexible Transmission Means to wrap around the shaft or pulley of theElectric Machine 3 f (preferably a BMSCC (or RTEC) Electric MachineSystem). This View 9 f is flexible transmission arrangement thatreverses the direction of the Electric Machine shaft with regard to theWind Mill shaft. View 8 f shows another stage of speed increase. Theshaft 12 f, which operates at the speed from the first flexibletransmission means, drives another large pulley 14 f, which drives asecond flexible transmission means 13 f, which in turns, drives theshaft of Electric Machine 3 f again with an additional multiplication ofspeed based on the ratio between the diameter of the pulley 14 f dividedby the diameter of the electric machine pulley.

With the many flexible transmission technology commercially available,the preferred flexible transmission means would be a Timing Belt (i.e.,Gilmer Belt). Timing Belts are efficient, flexible for smooth torquetransfer, quiet, require no lubrication, and are light weight and arestriated for absolute tracking with a striated pulley counter-part.Otherwise, the common practice of multiple wraps of a cable about thepulley may be employed for additional tracking strength. Further, thelarge pulley (gear) 5 f can be made of aluminum or composites forreduced cost or weight because mechanical tolerances are not as criticalfor flexible transmission belts. Further, the flexible transmissionmeans absorbs stress impulses. The torque rating of the flexible belt isdetermined by many ingredients, such as belt construction, incorporatedmaterial, number of belts, belt dimensions, etc.

Ideally, the flexible transmission (i.e., the Timing Belt, etc.) wouldbe designed and constructed for lifetime service but in practice, thismay not be a reality. A monitoring mechanism could sense the conditionof the belt or timeout on predicted life expectance of the flexiblebelt, for automatic replacement, such as by a robotic means that wouldbe evident to a mechanical expert, from a rack of new belts held instorage local to the Flexible Transmission Means for this very purpose.For instance, at a predefined time of life, which is also convenient foroverhaul, the wind turbine could be stopped, the idler pulleysde-tensioned, the old belt automatically removed (perhaps by firstcutting the belt), a new belt installed, the idler pulleys returned toproper tension, and finally, the wind turbine returned to operation. Itis quite practical to perform this operation without stopping the windturbine.

FIG. 13 shows another embodiment of a transmission mated to at least oneElectric Machine Systems and is specific to BMSCC electric machines forVSCF Wind Turbines. This embodiment employs an internal gear (orplanetary gear) means for propagating rotational power from the shaft 2g of the Wind Turbine Propeller to at least one BMSCC (or RTEC) ElectricMachines 3 g. Although FIG. 13 shows four BMSCC (or RTEC) ElectricMachines, one or any number of BMSCC (or RTEC) Electric Machines couldbe incorporated. The combined rated power of each BMSCC (or RTEC)Electric Machine is the total power expected from the propeller shaft ofthe wind turbine. The large ring gear 5 g is attached to the shaft 2 gof the wind mill. The pinion gears 6 g, which are gear driven by saidring gear, is attached to the shaft of the BMSCC (or RTEC) ElectricMachine 3 g. The speed ratio and torque ratio of the transmissionfollows the same relation discussed for the Flexible Transmission Means(FTM).

The Flexible Transmission Means, FIG. 12, showed a transmissionembodiment with additional speed increase stages 8 f. The same principleapplies to the Internal (or Planetary) Transmission Embodiment.

Regardless of the transmission means, such as flexible or internal, anyauxiliary transmission stages for additional speed reduction or speedincrease can be based on the flexible transmission means, the internaltransmission means, or other transmission means. Further, the exceptioncontrol resolution of BMSCC could be programmed to reduce stress on theETM.

There is always the option of attaching a BMSCC electric machine of highpole-pair count directly to the shaft and avoid any ETM. Large polecount means large diameter electric machine frames, which introduce itsown set of problems. Perhaps the tradeoff is a limited speed ratio ETMwith larger diameter (i.e., large pole count) electric machinegenerators.

New Independent Invention of Electric Vehicle (EV): In general, theintroduction of Electric Vehicles (EV) is sure way of saving globalenergy with efficiency standards. Since electric vehicles contain ameans to produce high frequency AC for electric propulsion from aportable storage source, a fleet of electric vehicles become aconvenient medium for distributed storage for improving the quality andefficiency of the utility power distribution system. The electricmachine of the electric vehicle, which is for motoring during forcedacceleration or generating during forced deceleration, and the energystorage source, which is for portable electrical power, are the twodistinguishing components of any electric vehicle.

FIG. 14 shows the major components for an electric vehicle power train.People with ordinary skill in the art would understand the components ofan electric vehicle and power train. For simplicity, FIG. 14 does notshow the undercarriage, suspension, etc. The front power train of thevehicle includes independent left 1 h and right electric machines 2 h,which are preferably BMSCC (or RTEC) electric machines, frontarticulated axles 7 h with velocity joints 6 h (or universal joints),wheel knuckles 8 h connected to tie rods 9 h and a rack and pinionsteering mechanism with steering wheel and shaft 10 h. The rack andpinion steering mechanism for this example may be any steering mechanismwith or without power assist. The rear power train of the vehicle mayinclude the same basic mechanism found in the front drive train,including the left side 3 h and right side 4 h electric machinesconnected to the wheels with articulated axles, which could be BMSCC (orRTEC) electric machines, and the steering mechanism for completefour-wheel steering.

New Independent Invention of Electric Vehicle (EV) Assistive Steering:Power assist for EV is achieved by individually adjusting the torque ofthe right and left independent electric machines for the desiredsteering response via the appropriate feedback control sensing means,which may even include microprocessors and accelerometers. The manualsteering mechanism may be incorporated for failsafe operation andsteering integrity during electrical power failure or interruption.Likewise, torque control, stability control, anti-lock braking system(ABS), etc. are easily incorporate through independent control of thetwo separate electric machines and a feedback control mechanism. Therear power train may include two electric machines, as shown in FIG. 14.When incorporating two electric machines certain benefits result, suchas no differential requirement, stability control, ABS, etc., which areeasily facilitated by independent control of the two separate electricmachines and the appropriate feedback control mechanism. Further, thesame power steering assistance described for the front power train maybe incorporated in the rear power train for complete four-wheel steeringwith the appropriate feedback mechanism.

New Independent Invention of Electric Vehicle (EV) Power DistributionBus System: The EV Power Distribution Bus, as shown in FIG. 14, wouldinclude any energy storage device, such as battery packs, fuel cells,etc., or any portable electric source, such as an electric generatordriven by a prime mover (i.e., internal combustion engine, turbine,etc.) 12 h. It also includes a high power electrical bus 14 h, whichdistributes power to all electric machines and other electricalcomponents of the electric vehicle. The Electrical Bus Control Unit 13 hat the very least monitors the high power bus and maintains electricalintegrity. More likely, the Electrical Bus Control Unit 13 h convertsthe electrical power from the power sources 12 h, which may be pure DC,to the Power Distribution Medium 14 h, which may be pure DC, highfrequency AC with a DC envelop, multiphase high frequency AC with DCenvelops, or high frequency AC with multiphase AC envelops. The highpower bus control unit 13 h could be a BMSCC Stationary or Rotary Phaseor Frequency Converter, which can easily convert any DC or AC source 12h to a multiple phase high frequency AC Power Distribution Bus simply bynot incorporating the secondary side of synchronous modems of the BMSCCcontrol unit. If the BMSCC control unit included the secondary side ofthe synchronous modems, a multiple phase Low Frequency AC PowerDistribution Bus would be realized.

A high frequency, high power AC distribution system has added protectioncapability and advantages. For instance, the high power bus control unit13 h will monitor the current at the high frequency for any alarmcondition, such as a short circuit condition, and the shut off ordisconnecting of the source 12 h within the expected half cycle periodof the high frequency AC or at the next zero crossing of the AC power,which always occurs at the high frequency. Since power for a highfrequency high power bus is applied on a half cycle basis, a shortcircuit alarm could stop the switching within a half cycle, which iswell within the intense pulse current duration immunity tolerance ofmost power semiconductors. A high frequency distribution bus allows forsimple, compact step-up or step-down voltage conversion at any pointalong the bus. A high frequency distribution bus allows for failsafeoperation with continued operation with any remaining phases ofintegrity without failures. A high frequency multiphase distribution busallows for distributing the total power over as many wires andconnections as phases, which improves electrical efficiency. A highfrequency multiphase distribution bus easily accommodates theinstallation of BMSCC wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machines withoutModem means on one side for example. A multiple phase high frequency busmay require special accommodations for practical high frequencyoperation, such as Litz wire, etc.

New Independent Invention of EV with BMSCC or RTEC Electric Machines:BMSCC electric machines have many advantages in an electric vehicleapplication. If compared to a the most commonly installed EV electricmachine, as shown in FIG. 14, which is any category of singly-fedelectric machine, a BMSCC Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Electric Machine showscertain benefits. A BMSCC Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed (WRDF) Electric Machineoperates at 7200 rpm @ 1 pole-pair with 60 Hz (from the high powerdistribution bus), which is twice the speed and power with effectivelythe same size of a comparably rated singly-fed electric machine. At fullexcitation frequency (or speed), the BMSCC-WRDF electric machineoperates at half the voltage and with lower eddy current losses. As afully symmetrical electric machine, a BMSCC-WRDF electric machine canmotor or generator without additional electronic support. Any singly-fedor doubly-fed electric machine with BMSCC shows transfer of power to orfrom the storage power source 12 h with evenly distributed waveforms oflow harmonic content and without additional stages of electronicconditioning.

Connecting multiple BMSCC (or RTEC) electric machines would convenientlybenefit with a high power electrical distribution bus 14 h operatingwith high frequency AC with a DC envelop, multiphase high frequency ACwith DC envelops, or high frequency AC with multiphase AC envelops. Forinstance, a high frequency, high power distribution system connectsdirectly to the primary side of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT-PIF-HFT of theBMSCC (or RTEC) and thereby powering and controlling all electricmachines 1 h 2 h 3 h 4 h. The BMSCCs are locally without the primaryside synchronous modem means and magnetic current generator means, sincethe primary side synchronous modem and primary magnetic currentgenerator means for all electric machines along the distribution bus isthe remotely situated high power bus control unit 13 h. The Bus ControlUnit 13 h becomes an integral part of any BMSCC art employed in the EV.In this configuration, it will be understood that together, the highfrequency bus 14 h, the high power bus control unit 13 h, and thepartial BMSCC electric machine that is without primary side modem andmagnetic current generator means, as described, is a complete BMSCCelectric machine with said components distributed over a greaterdistance. Because the high frequency distribution bus connects to theprimary side of the PDF-HFT of each BMSCC, the high frequencydistribution bus has as at least as many high frequency AC signals asthe number electrical phase windings of the primary of the PDF-HFT. Inaccordance to FIG. 4, it is should be understood that the BMSCC showssymmetry between the secondary and primary sides and the Primary Modems,Primary MCGs, Primary Ports, and primary side can be interchangedrespectively as a whole with the Secondary Modems, Secondary MCGs,Secondary Ports, and secondary side without changing the essence of thediscussion.

New Independent Invention of High Frequency Distribution Bus: FIG. 5shows a simple building block diagram representation of two BrushlessMultiphase Self-Commutation Controller building blocks 16 k & 17 kconnected to a High Frequency Distribution Bus 15 k configuration. Thefirst BMSCC building block 16 k includes a PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination 6 k, the Primary Side Synchronous MODEM 2 k, the PrimarySide Magnetic Current Generator 3 k, the primary side high frequencybi-directional bus 5 k, the primary side low frequency bus 4 k, theprimary electrical terminal block 1 k, and the primary port signals 12k. Similarly, the second BMSCC building block 17 k includes a PDF-HFT orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination 14 k, the Primary side Synchronous MODEM 8k, the Primary Side Magnetic Current Generator 9 k, the primary sidehigh frequency bi-directional bus 7 k, the primary side low frequencybus 10 k, and the primary electrical terminal block 11 k, and theprimary port signals 13 k. The secondary side of the PDF-HFT 6 k isdirectly connected to its respective electrical phase windings of theHigh Frequency Distribution Bus 15 k and is without secondary side Modemor magnetic current generator means. Similarly, the secondary side ofthe PDF-HFT 14 k is directly connected to its respective electricalphase windings of the High Frequency Distribution Bus 15 k and iswithout secondary side Modem means or magnetic current generator means.It should be understood and obvious to experts that any number ofBrushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controller building blocks, suchas 16 k & 17 k, can tap anywhere along the High Frequency DistributionBus 15 k by directly connecting respective electrical phase windings ofthe secondary side of the PDF-HFT. The High Frequency Distribution Bus15K can be comprised of a single high frequency AC signal or multiplehigh frequency AC signals and the waveform envelope for each highfrequency AC signal can be a DC envelope or low frequency AC envelopes.AC signals can be fixed or variable frequency as provided by BMSCC. Forexample, the High Frequency Distribution Bus could be three separatewires each carrying a high frequency carrier with a signal envelope ofone of the AC phases of a balanced three phase system. Furthermore, eachof the high frequency carriers can have a relative phase shifted fromeach other.

For multiple tap clarification, FIG. 6 shows a simple building blockdiagram representation of three Brushless Multiphase Self-CommutationController building blocks 16 m, 17 m, & 18 m that tap into HighFrequency Distribution Bus 15 m along its path. Although FIG. 6 showsthree Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controller building blocks,it should be understood that any number of Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Controller building blocks can tap anywhere along anappropriately power rated High Frequency Distribution Bus. In accordanceto FIG. 4, FIG. 5, and FIG. 6, it is should be understood that the BMSCCshows symmetry between the secondary and primary sides and the PrimaryModems, Primary MCGs, Primary Ports, and primary side can beinterchanged respectively as a whole with the Secondary Modems,Secondary MCGs, Secondary Ports, and secondary side without changing theessence of the discussion. It is also important to understand that eachBMSCC may have different functions. For instance, BMSCC 16 m could becontrolling a singly-fed or doubly-fed Electric Machine and BMSCC 17 mcould be connected to a three phase power utility supply with BMSCC 18 mconnected to a battery for recharging.

In summary, the Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controller orBMSCC is an adjustable speed drive for reliable, contact-less and stableself-commutation control of electric apparatus, including electricmotors and generators. BMSCC transforms multiphase electrical excitationfrom one frequency to variable frequency that is automaticallysynchronized to the movement of the electric apparatus withouttraditional estimation methods of commutation and frequency synthesisusing derivatives of electronic, electro-mechanical, andfield-oriented-control. Instead, BMSCC comprises an analogelectromagnetic computer with the new art of compensated (i.e.,synchronous) modulation techniques to first establish and then managemagnetic field between phase windings of a multiphase, positiondependent flux, high frequency transformer with a magnetizing currentgenerator mean providing compensated gating and then dynamicallyadjusting packets of magnetic energy between the phase windings withcompensated gating dynamics for direct AC-to-AC conversion, which iswithout an intermediate DC conversion stage. To be practical, otherinventions are necessary, which are unlike any other electroniccontroller of electric machines or adjustable speed drive requirements,such as: 1) environmental stress immunity, because of the unusualsymbiotic or local relationship of BMSCC to the electric apparatus beingcontrolled, 2) high frequency performance design, because of the uniquepower propagation requirements of a PDF-HFT, and 3) sharing magneticenergy between winding sets of a PDF-HFT provided by compensated gatingdynamics with the balance multiphase windings of the PDF-HFT.Furthermore, the uniqueness of BMSCC inspires other dependent andindependent inventions. For instance, BMSCC realizes the only practicalbrushless and stable wound-rotor synchronous doubly-fed electric machinesystem, if implemented as the integrated controller for U.S. Pat. Nos.4,459,540, 4,634,950, 5,237,255 and 5,243,268 of Frederick W. Klatt, orrealizes a universal high frequency distribution bus between at leasttwo remotely placed BMSCC.

As used herein:

PDF-HFT and position dependent flux high frequency transformer aresynonymous and similar to all magnetic transformers, the PDF-HFT has aprimary side and a secondary side of windings.

BMSCC and brushless multiphase self-commutation controller aresynonymous; Compensated modulation comprises special modulationtechniques for synchronous modulation;

Compensated gating is first applying and then managing the magnetizingmagneto-motive-force in a PDF-HFT for establishing the oscillatingmagnetic fields and winding port voltages based on frequency of gating.Compensated gating is the basis for compensated modulation. Anymeasurable derivative of compensated gating, such as the winding portvoltage or the magnetizing current, etc., provides a synchronousreference to the oscillating magnetic energy of the PDF-HFT, also calledcompensated gating, for compensated modulation;Compensated gating dynamics is the adjustment of the modulationweighting in synchronism to the compensated gating to transfer and sharemagnetic energy of the PDF-HFT for contactless power transfer andcontrol;CTOM and compensated time offset modulation means are synonymous;CPDM and compensated pulse density modulation means are synonymous.

I claim:
 1. A Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controlled ElectricMachine Combination (BMSCC-EM): wherein said BMSCC-EM comprises anelectric machine (EM) with a moving body and a stationary body; whereinsaid EM has at least one AC phase winding stationed on at least one bodyof said EM selected from a group consisting of said stationary body andsaid moving body; wherein said EM is selected from a group consisting ofaxial flux, transverse flux, radial flux, linear moving, and rotatingelectric machines further selected from a group consisting of singly-fedand doubly-fed electric machines; wherein said BMSCC-EM comprises aBrushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controller (BMSCC) with a secondbody comprising at least one AC phase connection and a stationary bodycomprising at least one AC phase connection; wherein said AC phaseconnection of said second body of said BMSCC is electrically connectedto at least one AC phase winding of said EM body; wherein saidelectrical connection between said BMSCC and said EM is selected from agroup consisting of series connections and parallel connections; whereinsaid BMSCC-EM further comprises art selected from a group consisting oflaminations, powders, ribbons, and tapes of material further selectedfrom a group consisting of nanocrystalline material, powdered material,low loss materials, and amorphous material; wherein said BMSCC-EMfurther comprises art selected from a group consisting of windingarrangements, circuits, environmental stress reducing techniques,manufacturing techniques, construction techniques, electricalcomponents, electronic components, nanotechnology, magnetic bearings,bearings, and materials further selected from a group consisting ofup-to-date science and new science; wherein said BMSCC further comprisesat least one High Frequency Transformer (HFT) selected from a groupconsisting of a position dependent flux high frequency transformer(PDF-HFT) with a position independent flux high frequency transformer(PIF-HFT) for a PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination and a position dependentflux high frequency transformer (PDF-HFT); wherein said HFT has at leastone body selected from a group consisting of a stationary body and amoving body; wherein said moving body of said HFT is mechanicallyconnected to said moving body of said EM; whereby said BMSCC controls atleast the electrical and mechanical power of said EM.
 2. A combinationdefined in claim 1, wherein said moving body of said HFT moves with adifferent speed from said moving body of said EM; wherein saiddifference of speed is provided by said mechanical connection selectedfrom a group consisting of gears, pulleys, belts, chains, sprockets,Synchro-Resolver systems, fixed speed electric machine systems, andvariable speed electric machine systems; whereby said BMSCC-EM emulatesa different pole-pair than the designed number of pole-pairs of said EMin accordance with said difference of speed.